记忆口诀在有机化学学习中的应用

doi:10.3866/PKU.DXHX201812016

Abstract

Abstract:

Organic chemistry is an important course for chemistry related disciplines but it is difficult to study. With the diverse reaction conditions and types, pithy formulas were suggested to help memorization. During the programming of the pithy formulas, the various meanings of Chinese characters and the association ability of human brain were fully considered, making the pithy formulas simple and easy to read. The scattered information was organized, making the abstract reactions readily remembered. The pithy formulas can not only get beginners familiar with organic chemistry, but also be useful for knowledge system constructing, helping knowledge comprehension and application lifelong.

Key words: Pithy formula, Organic chemistry, Learning, Homophonic

MSC2000:

Linghui WANG,Zongyong ZHANG,Hao WU,Xunwen XIAO,Dan QIU. Application of Pithy Formulas for the Study of Organic Chemistry[J].University Chemistry, 2019, 34(7): 85-89.

Figures/Tables 3

有机物大类	速记口诀	助记口诀	详解
醇	醇??钠氧高碘脱酯卤，亚硫酰卢扎氢磷频	醇痒挠痒搞点脱脂乳，要留些乳渣清理瓶	与酸反应生成??盐；与钠反应生成醇钠；氧化反应生成醛酮酸；α-二醇与高碘酸反应；脱水反应生成烯烃或醚；酯化反应；与卤代烃反应，生成醚；与亚硫酰氯反应生成卤化物；与卢卡斯试剂反应；扎依采规则；与卤化氢反应；与卤化磷反应生成卤代烃；频哪醇重排
酚	酚盐甲丙氧醌，醚酯付-克硝磺卤	酚夜假病养鲲，秘制付-克消蟥乳	与碱反应成盐；与甲醛缩合；与丙酮缩合；氧化生成醌；生成醚；酯化反应；付-克反应；硝化反应；磺化反应；卤化反应
醚	醚烯醇炔威廉，甲过蔡塞克兰	醚喜成全威廉，救过蔡塞克兰	烯和醇在酸性下反应得到醚；醇分子间脱水成醚；炔与醇在碱性下生成烯基醚；Williamson反应；硫酸二甲酯与醇反应成醚；生成过氧化物；甲基醚与HI发生Zeisel反应；苯基烯丙基醚发生Claisen重排
酮醛	醛酮亚硫氢氰格胺维醇，贝羟醛卤酸曼克金，氧土菲过锰，还铝硼钠锌汞黄肼坎歧	醛酮要留亲情格外温存，被抢去路上卖克金，养土蜂过猛，还屡喷那深宫皇亲国戚	与亚硫酸氢钠反应；与HCN反应；与格氏试剂反应；与胺反应；与Wittig试剂反应；与醇反应；酮肟的贝克曼重排；羟醛缩合；碱性下与卤素发生卤化反应；α-氢有酸性；芳醛与含α-氢的醛酮发生Claisen-Schmidt缩合反应；芳醛与脂肪族酸酐发生Perkin反应；Mannich反应；被Tollens试剂氧化发生银镜反应；与Fehling试剂发生氧化反应；酮与过氧酸生成酯；高锰酸钾使酮的羰基和α-碳间发生断裂；与氢化铝锂或硼氢化钠发生还原反应；与金属钠的醇溶剂中反应；与锌汞齐发生Clemmensen还原；依次与肼和乙醇钠的黄鸣龙还原反应；不含α-氢的醛在浓碱下发生Cannizzaro歧化反应
羧酸	羧酸酯胺酰卤酐，醛烃醇腈格科，羟内交硫锰失碳，磷卤取消铝布贝脱羧	羧酸只爱鲜芦柑，却挺纯净苛刻，墙内交流猛失态，凌辱取笑吕布被脱羧	酯化反应；生成酰胺；生成酰卤；生成酸酐；醛氧化制酸；烃氧化制酸；醇氧化制酸；腈水解制酸；格氏试剂与CO₂反应制酸；Kolbe-Schmitt反应制酚酸；羟基酸反应生成内酯或交酯；α-羟基酸与稀硫酸或高锰酸钾反应生成少一个碳的羰基化合物；与红磷和卤素反应生成α-卤代酸；α-卤代酸可以发生取代反应和消除反应；与氢化铝锂发生还原反应；Blanc规律；α-碳上有吸电子基团时易发生脱羧反应，电解羧酸盐脱羧发生Kolbe反应
胺	胺醇卤盖还硝酮醛霍酰腈，碱醇卤酰磺亚硝芳硝卤磺化	鹌鹑卤蛋还笑铜钱获先进，见唇如蟹黄又笑方孝孺黄化	醇与氨(或胺)反应制备胺；卤代烃与氨(或胺)反应制备胺；Gabriel法制备伯胺；硝基化合物还原制胺；酮醛的还原胺化制胺；Hofmann降解制少一个碳的伯胺；酰胺和腈的还原制胺；胺具碱性；与醇反应；与卤代烃反应；与酰氯、酸酐和羧酸的酰基化；与芳磺酰氯的磺酰化，兴斯堡反应；与亚硝酸反应；芳胺硝基化反应；芳胺卤化反应；芳胺磺化反应
季铵碱	季铵碱水银醇碱，无β-氢醇，有β-氢霍烯胺	季铵碱水银纯洁，无比清纯，又冰清获喜爱	季铵盐与Ag₂O的水溶液反应，或者与强碱的乙醇溶液反应，可以制备得到季铵碱；无β-氢时，加热分解生成醇和叔胺；有β-氢时，加热分解生成烯烃和叔胺，遵循Hofmann规则

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Application of Pithy Formulas for the Study of Organic Chemistry

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