从化学视角浅谈医用口罩的重复利用

doi:10.3866/PKU.DXHX202003060

Abstract

Abstract:

This paper briefly introduced the classification of disposal face masks, and the composition and structure of key protective layer, in addition to its protection principle. The feasibility of reuse and disinfection of the disposable face masks with several common medical methods is discussed based on the physical structure and chemical composition of meltblown, the main protective layer, in addition to biochemical characteristics of new coronavirus.

Key words: Medical mask, SMS structure, Polypropylene electret melt blown nonwovens

MSC2000:

Dongqi Ge, Jianying Shi. Remark on Reuse of Medical Masks from Chemical Perspective[J].University Chemistry, 2020, 35(12): 87-93.

Figures/Tables 7

口罩重复利用方法	操作方法	特点
干热消毒法	(1)微波消毒法，拆除口罩中的金属丝，正面向上平铺。若有胶等粘附剂，在300 W下加热4 min，若无，则在700 W下加热2 min。然后，将背面平铺在微波炉中，重复以上操作^{[17, 18]}。(2)烘箱/烤箱消毒法，在70 ℃或75 ℃下对口罩烤30 min^{[16, 19]}。(3)电吹风消毒法，用保鲜袋包裹口罩，在70 ℃下吹30 min ^[2]。	加热速度快，口罩的里外层可以同时加热，并且消毒温度相对较低，不会生成残留物，不污染环境^[20]。
紫外线消毒法	(1)将口罩平放在桌面上，用紫外灯(医用紫外灯或洗碗机中的紫外灯均可)照射30 min，然后将口罩翻过来，对口罩另一面照射30 min ^[19]。(2)在阳光下暴晒30 min，具体操作如上^[19]。	紫外线消毒是医院中常用的手段，可灭活各种微生物，具有很好的杀菌效果。但是紫外线的穿透力较弱，空气中的水分、颗粒物均会降低照射强度，从而大大降低杀菌效果。
环氧乙烷消毒法	将口罩放在环氧乙烷中(浓度为400 mg·L^-1)，杀毒后需要静置7天解析，使环氧乙烷的残留量低于要求值^[20]。	环氧乙烷消毒法是工厂中制作医用口罩的最后一道消毒工艺，环氧乙烷与蛋白质分子上的巯基/氨基/羟基/羧基等发生烷基化反应，使微生物大分子失去活性，达到杀菌目的。环氧乙烷对人体有毒，需要达到相关的国家资质要求后才可进行，居民在日常生活中不具备可操作性。
荷电再生法	将一次性医用口罩放在56 ℃左右的热水中泡30 min，然后取出并甩掉表面的液滴，平铺在干燥的绝缘体表面(如木桌子和床单等)，用家用吹风机吹15 min左右，或者用家用点火器对口罩电击^[21]。	低温下加热可以灭活病毒病菌，并且不会破坏纤维微观结构。然后再通过口罩内部纤维的摩擦或外部放电来补充静电荷量，从而可以有效地提高口罩的过滤效率。

References 21

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口罩类型	执行标准	特点	应用场景
医用防护口罩	GB19083-2010	能阻隔颗粒物、飞沫、血液、体液、分泌物等。采用“1级”“2级”和“3级”来表示BFE等级，1级≥ 95%，2级≥ 99%，3级≥ 99.97%	适合医疗工作环境中使用
医用外科口罩	YY0469-2011	可阻挡病原体微生物、血液、体液、颗粒物等，PFE ≥ 30%，BFE ≥ 95%，流体阻力120 mmHg	适合于有创操作等过程中使用，可有效地阻挡液体
	YY/T0969-2013	阻挡口腔和鼻腔呼出的污染物，BFE ≥ 95%以上，降低日常交叉感染风险，无法保证对粉尘和血液的过滤性	适用于医院中的常规护理
自呼过滤式防颗粒物口罩	GB2626-2006	能过滤空气中的各类颗粒物，无防透要求。过滤元件级别：1)非油性颗粒物FE：KN90 ≥ 90%；KN95 ≥ 95%；KN100 ≥ 99.97%；KP系列不适用；2)油性颗粒物FE：KP95 ≥ 95%；KP90 ≥ 90%；KP100 ≥ 99.97%；KN系列不适用	适用于过滤颗粒物，阻挡体液效果差，不可用于手术室等高湿环境
日常防护口罩	GB/T 32610-2016	可避免冷空气对呼吸道的刺激，只能过滤大颗粒粉尘，防病毒和细菌效果不佳	适用于日常生活中过滤空气污染颗粒物，不适用于医用及工业防尘等特殊行业

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Remark on Reuse of Medical Masks from Chemical Perspective

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