“双一流”建设背景下物理化学课程教学改革与实践

doi:10.3866/PKU.DXHX202007041

Abstract

Abstract:

Under the background of "double first-class" construction, we embrace the teaching philosophy of "student-centered and goal-oriented" in the physical chemistry teaching process. Through the heuristic teaching model guided by questions, the concepts and laws are elaborated based on the history of scientific development. The frontiers of the discipline and application cases are introduced into teaching, aiming at cultivating students' innovative consciousness and scientific thinking. Through flipped classroom and group discussion, students' self-educated ability and team spirit are developed.

Key words: Double first-class, Physical chemistry, Curriculum reform

MSC2000:

Min Ji, Xinkui Wang, Yanbo Sun, Xuzhen Wang, Xinping Wang. Teaching Reform and Practice of Physical Chemistry under the Background of "Double First-Class" Construction[J].University Chemistry, 2021, 36(1): 2007041.

Figures/Tables 3

层次	教师行为	学生行为
注重衔接	研究事件：1774年化学家普利斯特里证实了氨是氮和氢的二元化合物；1795年希尔德布兰德就曾试图在常压下合成氨，结果以失败而告终；1850–1900年，人们对化学平衡原理取得了重大的突破；1909年哈伯高温高压下成功合成氨	回顾：利用原有的知识体系分析思考
注重衔接	点拨提问：因合成氨获得诺贝尔化学奖的科学家有几位？	互动回答：1913年Haber催化剂的发现；1931年Bosch催化过程的工业化；2007年Ertl催化机理的认识
强化基础	提问：已知N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) = 2NH₃(g)，在298 K下，△_rH_m^ϴ=-92.2 kJ·mol^-1，△_rS_m^ϴ= -198.2 J·mol^-1·K^-1，则在298 K、0.1 MPa反应条件下，若氢气和氮气的摩尔比为3 : 1，氨的摩尔分数为0.2，反应能否正向自发进行？	互动回答：利用范特霍夫定温方程△_rG_m=△_rG_m^ϴ+RTlnJ_p < 0，所以反应可以正向自发进行
求知探索	提问：科研结果表明：合成氨的速率方程r = k·c(N₂)·c^1.5(H₂)·c^-1(NH₃)没有催化剂E_a = 335 kJ·mol^-1，有Fe触媒催化剂E_a = 167 kJ·mol^-1；那么可以通过哪些措施能提高反应速率和平衡转化率呢？	互动回答：学生经过热烈讨论后提出方案，如表 2所示
	提问：经过大家分析讨论得到上面的一些结果，那为什么合成氨很难？	互动回答：低温有利于平衡，高温才能断N≡N，有利于工业产率。教师引导思考：反应能垒与反应物种NH_x (x = 0, 1, 2)的吸附能之间存在着限制关系
引入前沿	研读文献：构筑“过渡金属——氢化锂(TM-LiH)”双活性中心催化剂体系，显著提高了传统金属催化剂在温和条件下的合成氨性能。双活性中心的构筑使N₂和H₂的活化及中间产物的吸附发生在不同的活性中心上，从而打破了反应能垒与吸附能之间的限制关系^[5]	了解前沿，开拓视野：撰写研读报告，提出催化剂进一步的改进思路

提高平衡转化率		提高化学反应速率
反应特点	措施	反应特点	措施
放热	降低温度	活化能高	使用Fe催化剂700 K时k(cat)/k(无) = 3.4 × 10¹²
分子数减少	增大压强	低温时速率低	升高温度
700 K，20 MPa，n(N₂) : n(H₂) = 1 : 3 (摩尔比)，K^ϴ = 9.29 × 10^-5 (数据由老师提供)	N₂、H₂循环利用	原料气浓度增加，能提高反应速率	增大反应物浓度，增大压强
浓度比是否影响转化率？	n(N₂) : n(H₂) = 1 : 3 (摩尔比)平衡转化率最大	氨气浓度增加，能降低反应速率	及时分离移出NH₃

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Teaching Reform and Practice of Physical Chemistry under the Background of "Double First-Class" Construction

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