In Chinese literature on polymer chemistry and photo-chemistry, "quench" and "quencher" are both expressed in two different terms. And this has been bringing trouble to teaching and academic exchanges. To solve this problem, an analysis and textual research were made on these words from both linguistics and chemistry perspectives. A solid conclusion is led, and the right word for quench and quencher in Chinese are given. Also, a suggestion is made that, it should be adopted in the relevant books and specifications.

In order to implement President Xi's speech on the national conference of ideological and political work in universities, and build a collaborative education mode of ideological and political theory course in the same direction with all kinds of courses, the important practice about utilizing the classroom teaching to educate students has been investigated. In this paper, an example of instructional design about integrating the intellectual education and moral education in the introduction section of inorganic chemistry is discussed, including the setup of learning goal, the selection and presentation of teaching content and development of teaching activities.

Ion transference number is an important parameter of physical chemistry, and its measurement is the basic content in physical chemistry laboratory. Based on the measurement of ion transference number in "Basic Physical Chemistry Laboratory", combined with measurements of the electromotive force, a new experiment was designed for measuring the transference number of copper ion and sulfate ion in solution, and the ion transference numbers obtained are basically consistent with the values in the literature. We attempt to use the laboratory skills that college students already mastered in physical chemistry laboratory and integrate the knowledge of electrochemistry to design and explore a new method for measuring ion transference by the electromotive force method. The students' comprehensive ability can be improved to solve problems.

The disconnection approach is applied to teaching of polymer chemistry. The disconnection strategy for usual polymer synthesis problem is proposed, the rules are summarized, and the usual polymer synthesis problem is categorized. These approaches made it easier for the students to handle polymer synthesis problems, to learn the method and have the ability to learn. Accordingly, a new classification of polymerization reactions is suggested, which classifies polymerization reactions into three categories by occurring between functional groups, via opening of double bonds, and by opening of rings. It is also summarized that the disconnections in polymer synthesis are usually made between the units along the main chain, between the main chain and the side groups, between the main chain and the branches, and between the main chain and the end groups, and at the position of the functional groups or the heteroatoms.

Vincent Van Gogh is considered today as the greatest Dutch painter and loved by many people. Unfortunately, his paintings suffered degradation problems. This paper introduces the pigments used in Van Gogh's paintings and reveals the fading's secret based on chemical principles, the research of pigment chemistry also can help to choose the best strategy for the proper conservation of art masterpieces.

This paper analyzes and compares the structure of cubic diamond and hexagonal diamond, and emphasizes the structural differences between cubic crystal and hexagonal crystal. The template of tetrahedral four coordination and tetrahedral four coordination coupling with linear two coordination crystal structure is established based on the diamond structure, and employed to analyze the material with similar structure.

A new experiment of the photoluminescence spectrum of organic molecules was introduced to undergraduate teaching. The emission behaviors of different aggregation with perylene and 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-hexaphenylsilole (HPS) as typical luminophores were measured so as to observe the different phenomena of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The crystal structures characteristics of the above molecules could be obtained by the use of the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC). The causes of the phenomena of AIE and ACQ were analyzed from the aspects of structures of molecular crystals. Therefore, the intrinsic relations between photoluminescence mechanism and molecular states were discussed on this basis. In this paper, the design, contents and conclusions of the photoluminescence experiment were elaborated in detail. Combining with the teaching process, the teaching effects were discussed for broadening the undergraduates' horizons as well as improving their cognitive abilities and scientific research qualities.

A series of innovative teaching practice are carried out from the aspects of thought updating, content optimizing, method improving, means updating, integration strengthening and penetration enhancing, under the guidance of the teaching thoughts of "student-centered, and focusing on the cultivation of students' interest and ability, especially the ability of sustainable development and innovation". The practice aims at the key points and difficult problems in the teaching and the weaknesses in the learning of polymer chemistry, based on the analysis of students' learning situation. Good teaching results and a series of innovative teaching accomplishment have been achieved, and the course has been constructed into a provincial first-class course.

The pursuit of perfect blue pigments since the 20th century has led to new breakthroughs in the field of contemporary art and the development of new pigments. After two years of research on Cyanotype, we created a series of cyanotype works using different materials and fine-tuned processes. Cyanotype experiment was chosen into the chemistry laboratory course. It is a "Cyanotype adventure" that blends chemistry and art by holding an art exhibition to introduce cyanotype to the public.

After the discovery in the year 1886, Molisch's reaction used to be applied as a powerful tool to differentiate carbohydrates and glycosides qualitatively from other materials. A brief review is given herein on the discovery, reaction mechanism and application of Molisch's reaction. Perspectives are also given on the potential applications of Molisch's reaction.

The hcp and ccp are the two main structures that most metals adopt. The tetrahedral holes and octahedral holes in these structures are commonly difficult for students to grasp. In this paper, we focus on the arrangement of the holes in the close-packed structures. This is also very helpful in learning ionic crystals.

Charge density difference (CDD) can investigate the charge redistribution of molecules, clusters and solid materials, as well as the interaction between molecules and solid materials, which has been widely used in electronic structure analysis. Based on the authors' theoretical research and teaching practice of "application of density functional theory in chemistry research", the authors found that the calculation methods and results of charge density difference vary along with the different research objectives. According to the research objectives, the charge density difference can be divided into atom-based, fragment-based, specific object-based and spin density. If one can't understand the concept correctly and establish a reasonable model, it is hard to get the correct electronic structure information. In the present work, authors systematically sort out the types, calculation methods and applicable research system of CDD calculation. Base on the teacher's explanation and demonstration, students' practice, as well as exploratory homework, students can understand and master the electronic analysis method of charge density difference, which provides important support for teaching and scientific research.

Bread is the staff of life. However, few topics have been addressed on the chemical reactions related to food systematically and professionally in Chinese literatures. Such situation undoubtedly prevents the public to understand the essence of food through the phenomena, and results in the detachment of chemistry courses with livelihood. Based on this background, this manuscript focuses on the introduction of non-enzymatic Browning reactions, mainly caramel reaction, Maillard reaction and vitamin C oxidation, which contribute to the unique flavor and color of food. The molecular transformation in food related to medicine is also discussed from the perspective of chemistry, such as the conversion of iodine in table salt within the body, health adverse effects of trans-fatty acid, and the alcohol metabolism. It is hoped to set up a close connection between chemistry teaching and real life in order to bridge the gap between food science, medicine and other fields.

Chemical experiment courses are important basic curriculum offered by the universities and colleges involving science and technology, and they are also indispensable links for learning and understanding chemistry. Fully extracting ideological and political elements relevant to the chemical experimental courses and integrating them into course teachings can not only help undergraduates deeply understand the theoretical knowledge and activate the classroom atmosphere, but also stimulate their learning enthusiasm and cultivate their professional quality and social responsibility, achieving the goal of knowledge education and value guidance in higher education.

Acetal/ketal is a kind of important organic compounds, which is prepared by the nucleophilic addition reaction of aldehyde/ketone with alcohol or orthoformate. This reaction is also widely applied for protection of carbonyl group of aldehyde/ketone or ethylene glycol in organic synthesis. Therefore, synthesis of acetal/ketal attracts extensive concern. According to the different reaction systems, the research progress of acetal/ketal synthesis in recent years was reviewed in detail from three aspects, including acid catalysis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. It is expected that students could master this basic reactions and students' innovation ability will be developed by this review.

Copper is one of the essential trace elements in human. It plays an indispensable role in a variety of physiological activities, including electron transport, mitochondrial functions, and the activity of many enzymes. Either deficiency or excess of copper can cause serious or even fatal harm. Therefore, the uptake, intracellular distribution and metabolism of copper are strictly regulated. Disruption of the homeostasis of copper can lead to anemia, Wilson's disease and Menkes' disease, and seriously affects the brain functions. Recent researches reveal that copper is also associated with the tumor growth and the immune system. This article reviews the biological functions of copper, the function of copper proteins, and the transport and storage mechanisms of copper, and also summarizes the relationship between copper and diseases.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a common method to analyze the structure of organic compounds, and it is also one of the important contents in the course of organic spectrum analysis. This paper introduces the idea of ¹H NMR analysis, combining theory with three examples of scientific research practice, using ¹H NMR to identify the structure of isomers in organic synthetic products, and determine the proportion of isomers by the integral area of peak group, in order to cultivate students' scientific literacy, stimulate students' interest in learning and improving the ability of spectrum analysis.

The nomenclature of organic compounds is an important component in the teaching of organic chemistry, in which nitrogenous compounds occupy a considerable proportion. In this paper, the nomenclature of nitrogenous compounds based on "Nomenclature of Organic Compounds-2017" is explained to assist teachers and students master the new version of organic compounds nomenclature in the teaching and learning of organic chemistry, and realize the rapid transition of the nomenclature rules.

Inductive and deductive methods are important for organic chemistry learning. The effects of hydroxyl and methoxy groups on carboxylic acid acidity in several systems are analyzed. The influence of hydrogen bonding on carboxylic acid acidity varies in different systems.

Nanozymes is a kind of nanomaterial with natural enzyme activity. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages of simple preparation, low cost, high stability, and easy storage. Since Academician Yan Xiyun, a Chinese scientist, first discovered that Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles had peroxidase-like activity in 2007, the research on nanozymes has been rising rapidly. Nanozymes can simulate natural enzymes to achieve catalytic reactions in the physiological environment or in vivo, improve the tumor microenvironment, and achieve tumor treatment by generating reactive oxygen species.

The integration of professional courses and ideological and political education is the fundamental task of moral education in colleges and universities. In this study, based on the character and teaching objectives of structural chemistry, possible methods for ideological and political education in the course are explored for cultivating students' philosophy and science, national pride and self-confidence in order to realize the organic unity of knowledge imparting and value leading.

Based upon the method of making recycled paper and the knowledge of natural pigments, this popular science experiment proposed an approach for making recycled paper dyed with vegetable pigment. This popular science experiment exhibited scientific, intriguing, brief and high operability. Moreover, we also creatively designed some interesting handmade works including pulp paintings, coasters, and origami, using dyeing paper and dyeing pulp. This experiment would provide a useful practice of chemical sustainable development, which helps the public better understand the chemical principle of recycled paper making and the extraction method of natural pigments.

Preparation of acetylsalicylic acid is one of the classic experiment in organic chemistry laboratory in many universities. The relevant textbooks and literatures generally believe that the by-product of the experiment is the polymer of salicylic acid. Based on the standard preparation method, this study collects the by-product and identifies the structure by means of thin layer chromatography, IR spectra, ¹H NMR and melting test. The result shows that the by-product is acetylsalicylic anhydride instead of the polymer of salicylic acid. The paper discusses the reasons for the presence of acetylsalicylic anhydride, providing the scientific basis for the accurate transmission of knowledge in preparing acetylsalicylic acid in laboratory teaching. The paper is intended to cultivate students' critical thinking and innovative spirit and, in the long run, to improve the teaching quality.

Vitamin B₁₂ research process contains rich ideological and political elements. Based on exploring the discovery of vitamin B₁₂, the mechanism of treatment of pernicious anemia, VB₁₂ structure determination, artificial synthesis and biosynthesis, five ideological and political elements were condensed in this article, such as promoting traditional Chinese medicine, benefiting mankind with science, teamwork, perseverance and innovative spirit. It is expected to bring beneficial enlightenment for the development of course ideological and political education in related professional courses.

This study explains the process of calculating BET parameters and obtaining BET areas from experimental data. Furthermore, five mathematical relationships that should be followed among the BET parameters are discussed. This paper also introduces the derivation of the experimental standard deviation and briefly touches upon evaluating the uncertainty in measurements, along with their conclusive application to BET measurements. Finally, the paper emphasizes on providing insights on using the BET model to analyze Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and other materials.

Organic molecules have become one novel type of catalysts developed after enzymes and metal catalysts, which are named as organocalysis, the third type of catalysis. As a new tool toward the precise construction of molecules, organocatalysis has a huge impact on the development of chiral new drugs, which has been used in the fields of pharmacy, pesticides, chemicals, materials, and so on. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to German chemist Benjamin List and American chemist David W. C. MacMillan for their pioneering and important contributions to this field. This article will briefly describe chirality and asymmetric catalysis, especially, the history of organocatalysis development, its advantages and future prospects.

Polarization effect plays an important role in electrochemistry. The content arrangement in the traditional textbooks, however, always makes college students feel that the polarization effect is unreasonable for many aspects, particularly in the field of energy storage and transformation. They often intend to think that it is best to eliminate or reduce the polarization effect. However, just as one coin has two sides, the existence of polarization effect is double-edged. The reasonable application of polarization effect is introduced in this paper. The examples of application of polarization effect can make college students understand that advantages and disadvantages depend, and reasonable using the polarization effect can bring a significant amount of revenue.

Rhodium and iridium are two rare elements of the platinum family, and they have very similar properties. In a third-person personification, their unique physical and chemical properties, such as boiling point, reflectivity, elastic modulus, catalytic activity, and chemical stability have been introduced by designing a game of challenges. Additionally, the properties of their oxides and halides are also included, especially their applications in electroplating, automobile tail gas catalytic converters, thermocouple manufacturing.

Boron has played an essential role in human life and production. Herein, this paper personifies Boron to describe its properties and applications in life and production. Our aim is to make it easier for readers to understand in a more lively way.

In the inorganic chemistry experiment, "Preparation and Component Determination of Hexamine Cobalt Chloride (Ⅲ)", the yield of product is low, which impedes the implement of subsequent experiment and teaching. Based on basic principles of chemistry, the effects of the quantity and particle size of activated carbon catalyst and the amount of hydrochloric acid and water were investigated. The experimental results showed that with 0.2 g, 120 mesh activated carbon catalyst, acid solution of 1 mL HCl plus 25 mL hot H₂O, and 3 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid, the yield of hexamine cobalt chloride(Ⅲ) was up to 42.5%, the color(orange), purity and crystallinity of the product were significantly improved. Through the experiment, the ability of students to apply the basic principles of chemistry to solve problems was enhanced.

The connection and fragmentation of carbon-carbon bond is always a hot topic in organic synthesis, and scientists have been finding different ways to achieve this goal. Many achievements have been made in this field. Grignard reaction and olefin metathesis reaction are the famous and typical ones. In particular, olefin metathesis provides a new way to connect sp² carbon and sp² carbon, which suits some active molecules. Therefore, the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three scientists who made outstanding contributions to olefin metathesis. This experiment is consisted of three reactions, including the improved Grignard reaction, DMAP-catalyzed esterification, and ring closing olefin metathesis cyclization. It is helpful to understand the process and mechanism of organic reactions and enjoy the charm of organic synthesis.

This paper takes the science popularization of chemistry as an example to discuss the connotation and development process of documentary, particularly chemistry documentary. From the aspects of content, form and characteristics, this paper analyzes several chemical popular science documentaries with good reputation and high quality. The material and spiritual values of chemical documentaries are summarized, the prospect of science popularization in China is prospected, and some simple suggestions for the development of chemical science documentaries in the future are put forward.

Applying scientific-issue-oriented education, the green synthetic process of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde was modified and applied as a fundamental organic experiment for oxidation reactions in undergraduate education. Selective oxidation of 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol was achieved in the presence of 0.1 mol% water-soluble 2-(1-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ylidene) acetic acid (TEMPO-COOH) and commercially available NaClO. The corresponding 2-nitrobenzaldehyde was obtained in 93% yield and > 99% purity. This newly designed experiment includes a series of basic organic experimentation techniques and the entire classic organic synthesis process, including reaction monitor, structure characterization, purity analysis and so on. Furthermore, the principle of green chemistry and the general way of methodology study in organic chemistry were integrated. Environmentally friendly and inexpensive starting materials, as well as the 3‒4 h experiment period, make this innovative experiment suitable for undergraduate education. Based on the experimental design, the corresponding micro-lecture concerning advances in oxidation was developed and incorporated into the education program. Thus, the collaboration of theoretical study and practical operation was achieved, improving the ability of undergraduates to solve complicated issues in organic synthesis and achieving high training quality.

The rapid development of short video has changed the way people obtain information. After fully integrating with the characteristics of chemistry, short video on chemistry has become an important way for popularization of chemistry, which has ushered in a new era. This paper analyzes the current situation of popularization of chemistry in short video, including tiktok's content, form and influence, and puts forward some suggestions for the development of popularization of chemistry using short videos, so as to promote the further development of popularization of chemistry in the short video platform.

The applied chemistry major is primarily associated with engineering and integration of sciences and technologies. Based on the needs of industrial development, this major actively serves the national and regional economic development, develops the characteristic direction of fine chemical industry, electrochemical engineering and polymer chemical industry, and forms the distinctive training characteristics of new engineering talents with a strong foundation and strong practical application. This paper comprehensively introduces the measures and results of the specialty orientation, training characteristics, construction of teaching staff, construction of practical teaching system and school-enterprise cooperation in education.

Laboratory teaching involves teaching, management, service and environment education. A good laboratory environment can not only play a subtle role in students, but also promote the development and implementation of teaching, management and service education. This article mainly introduces the practice and experience of strengthening the connotation construction of laboratory teaching environment and improving the quality of laboratory environment education of the "student-centered" at National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Chemistry, Xiamen University, in order to provide a replicable and popularized construction scheme for laboratory teaching "ideological politics".

The primary electrochemistry and colloid chemistry are the important components of physical chemistry for undergraduate students. On the basis of the nanostructured metal colloids system, a comprehensive chemistry experiment is proposed, which is about synthesis of nanostructured Ag/Au colloidal sols via the direct electrochemical reduction method with the assistance of a surfactant. In addition to the analysis of typical extinction via the UV-Visible spectroscopy, the cyclic voltammetry method is used to understand the effect of the surfactant and reveal the formation process of metal colloids. Such a comprehensive experiment is efficient to not only promote the understanding on the fundamental knowledge of electrochemistry and colloid chemistry, but also enhance the laboratory skill, which is adopted to the laboratory courses for the students majored in chemistry and related.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of compounds with a three-dimensional periodic network structure. MOFs exhibit excellent performance in adsorption and separation due to their high porosity, large specific surface area and adjustable pore size. This paper uses the anthropomorphic technique to show the nature, structure regulation as well as adsorption and separation applications of MOFs to the readers.

A simple kitchen science experiment was designed to prepare carbon quantum dots using kitchen waste as raw materials, avoiding the hydrothermal method which is currently widely used in laboratories. The experiment requires common kitchen appliances, utensils, and waste material like fruit peelings that are typically discarded; this experiment provides a safe way for kids to prepare carbon quantum dots at home under adult supervision. It can also be carried out for high school students and undergraduates, encouraging them to learn key concepts about carbon quantum dots by introducing related instrumentation as well as understand the applicability of such dots toward the detection of heavy metal ions. Through such experiments, we attempt to engage students in cutting-edge research through fun, simple and frugal kitchen science experiments and aim to refute the rumors of "quantum + life".

Antique is the valuable cultural heritage material that our ancestors gave us. This paper reveals the chemical principle of antique aging and the "secret" of antique aging from the chemical point of view, as well as analyzes the basic chemical principle of illegal peddlers using the aging technology to intentionally fabricate. More importantly, using these chemical principles to maintain, repair and copy cultural relics is the correct way to use antique aging, which aims to let readers understand the chemical nature of aging and enhance readers' attention and concern to cultural relics.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) is one of the new types of crystalline solid materials composed by organic building units through the intermolecular hydrogen bond (H-bond). They have attracted great attention in the field of proton conduction due to their characteristics of high crystallinity, adjustable pore size, low density, abundant and dense H-bonds. In line with the current research frontier, we prepared benzotriazolyl acetic acid-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF 1) through one-step method in water and determined its composition and structure by means of elemental analysis, infrared spectrum and powder X-ray diffraction. Then, its proton conductivity was measured at three relative humidity (75%, 85% and 98% RHs) and different temperature (60?100 ℃) by alternating current impedance method. The proton conduction mechanism can be deduced by calculation of activation energy. This chemistry experiment is appropriate in difficulty and its testing methods are diversified, which enables the students to know a scientific research frontier, improve their interests in scientific research and stimulate their enthusiasm for scientific research, thus increase their confidence in scientific research in the future.

The design principles of the experimental theory examination for the 12th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament were introduced. The problems with the competition and the analyses of the results were also provided.

Activated carbon is a form of carbon materials with strong adsorption capacity. Both broad-spectrum and specificity can be regulated by preparation and processing methods. It plays an important role in removing impurities during purification processes. In this paper, the anthropomorphic method is used to demonstrate the properties of activated carbon and its classification vividly, so that readers may fully understand the family of activated carbon and its applications in fun.

The content of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry has witnessed the development of chemistry, the inextricable connection between chemistry and human life, and the forefront of the development of chemistry. With the Nobel Prize in Chemistry as the main line, we use the interesting facts of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to explain that the discipline of chemistry will be the basis of human survival and development, even an important contribution to human society, survival and development. We hope to make everyone realize the importance of chemistry and better understand how to carry out chemistry research, and to promote the rapid development of chemistry.

Under the background of normal professional certification, based on the reform and revision of the talent training program for chemistry (normal) specialty of grade 2020 at the School of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Hangzhou Normal University, this paper reexamines the problems existing in the training program of chemistry normal specialty, from the aspects of constructing the corresponding matrix of "training objectives-graduation requirements" and "graduation requirements-curriculum system", optimizing the professional curriculum and strengthening experimental and practical teaching. The goal is to summarize and refine the characteristics of chemical education personnel training centered on students' development, and continuously promote the construction of chemical normal specialty.

The research on quantum dots has been very active in recent years. Among them, carbon quantum dots have attracted much attention due to their various advantages. In this paper, we describe the nature of carbon quantum dots and their applications in various industries by describing the development of the company and using anthropomorphic techniques. It aims to give the reader an easy and enjoyable introduction to carbon quantum dots.

Organic fluorides have been widely applied in various spheres, especially in the medical field. However, due to the distinctive reactivity of fluorine, the introduction of fluorine atom has always been a problem in organic chemistry. As a novel synthetic method developed in recent years, organic electrochemical synthesis has greatly expanded the boundaries of organic reactions, which have enabled the development of many efficient and eco-friendly fluorination methods. In this paper, we will focus on these examples of electro-chemical fluorination, and discuss the possible role of electrochemical methods in the field of fluoro-chemistry.

Biomineralization is an important biological process of organisms to produce organic-inorganic composites with hierarchical structures, where the biological matrix plays a predominant role in the regulation of nucleation, orientation, growth, and self-assembly of inorganic materials. According to the principle of biomineralization, bionic organic-inorganic composites with well-defined structure and excellent properties can be thus synthesized under a biomatrix-mediated process. Intriguingly, it is now possible to obtain new functionalized organisms by means of biomimetic mineralization through synergistic integration of structure and function of both materials and organisms, which has become an emerging direction. This review first introduces the basic theory and phenomenon of biological mineralization in nature. Then, by introducing the structure and function of biological minerals, we propose the concept of biomimetic construction of new functional life, and systematically introduce the methods involving the construction of new material-organisms hybrid. On this basis, such biomineralization-based engineering strategy provides a new way to produce materials-organisms hybrids as new life forms, and shows immense potentials in environmental protection, energy, medicine and other fields. Finally, the limitations and problems existing in this field are discussed, and promising prospects of intelligent construction of materials-organisms hybrids are also presented. We believe the biomineralization-based engineering of organisms can promote the continuous fusion of disciplinary boundaries and provide a new development direction in the fields of materials science, chemical biology, bioinorganic chemistry and medicine.

Under the new situation of education development, curriculum ideological and political education in colleges and universities faces new demands and challenges. Based on the view of students and the characteristics of chemistry science, this paper discusses the ideological and political problems in university chemistry, and proposes a number of corresponding solutions. In order to further promote the course ideology and politics, we should consider the students' value demands and improve the pertinence of the value orientation in the teaching contents; in the instructional evaluation, we should set up the communication channels between teachers and students, improve the accuracy of the evaluation activities, and enhance students' recognition of the course ideology and politics. As for the students, delivering the teaching content effectively can be achieved by changing students' learning motivation.

In the long history of human beings, for every leap and progress, there is a strong hand of destiny behind-heat, which constantly guiding the path of civilization and inspiring the understanding of thermal science and technology. The thermal technologies of ancient China was in the leading position in the world for a long time. The Chinese people's exploration of heat has created great achievements and made essential contributions to the human civilization, which is really worthy of our pride. However, due to the closeness of feudal society and the conservatism of people's way of thinking, the rejection of the impact of foreign science and culture, and the unscientific research methods, China's thermal technology and science began to lag behind the West in modern times, which is a very regrettable thing. This paper briefly reviews the history of Chinese civilization's constant exploration and confrontation with heat in the history.

University chemical experiment course is a comprehensive practical training link to train talents of materials, chemistry, chemical engineering and other majors to apply basic operation and theory to solve practical problems. This paper discusses the bottleneck of the current university chemical experiment development due to the large-scale, professional, high cost, fast update and other factors, designs the online and offline mixed experimental teaching mode, carries out the corresponding software and hardware construction, and carries out the reform and exploration of online and offline mixed experimental teaching mode. The teaching mode has good teaching effect, and can be copied and popularized, which provides a useful reference for the cultivation of innovative talents and the innovation of experimental teaching.

Sodium nitrite is the most commonly used food additive in the production of meat products. It has moderately strong toxicity. It has important applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, machinery and other industries. This paper introduces the preparation, properties and applications of sodium nitrite in the form of sitcom.

Nitrogen is a common and widely distributed element. It plays important roles in the production and life. In this paper, the nitrogen atoms and chemicals known to human beings were integrated into a "Nitrogen Association", and then the story involving nitrogen families was introduced to a young man in dream by Mr. Nitrogen, President of the Nitrogen Association. The purpose is to let readers know more about the history, distribution, elementary substance and compounds of nitrogen.

Under the background of new normal education, the chemistry normal major of Yancheng Teachers University focuses on the normal specialty certification of ordinary colleges and universities and the construction of first-class undergraduate specialty, promotes the connotation construction of new normal education, and forms distinct professional characteristics and advantages. This paper combs the path and effectiveness of the construction of first-class normal specialty from the aspects of professional characteristics, normal specialty certification and comprehensive reform, reflects on the professional construction, and points out the direction of continuous improvement.

For chemistry experimental teaching, using the common medicine in daily life as the experimental object can greatly arouse students' interest in chemistry learning. Nasalcare is a commonly commercial nasal detergent which mainly contains sodium chloride, citric acid and sodium citrate, representing a typical mixture of inorganic substances and organic substances. In this paper, a quantitative analysis method for the composition analyses of Nasalcare is designed, and the rationality is verified by experiments. This work is anticipated to provide the methodological guidance for the involvement of compositional analyses of Nasalcare experiment into the university analytical chemistry experiment class. Through this experiment, students can not only master the basic laboratory skills, such as constant weight of crucible and precipitation titration, but also have a better understanding of the method of quantitative analysis of data.

The article personifies the heavy metal element mercury, which describes its physical and chemical properties through the dialogue between human and mercury. Then it introduces alchemy and some uses of mercury in modern times. In addition, the toxicity of mercury vapor and organic mercury is also discussed.

In this work, nanomaterial was introduced into titrimetric analysis. Firstly, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with negative charges were prepared by reducing chloroauric acid with sodium citrate. Then, based on localized surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs, a novel Fajans method was designed to detect chloride ion using gold nanoparticles as the adsorption indicator to indicate the titration endpoint. The results showed that the method could accurately determine millimole chloride ion. Moreover, the gold and silver in waste liquid can be recycled through complexation reaction, precipitation reaction and redox reaction, which can reduce the cost and pollution. Through the practice of this experiment, students will study the frontier of the nanomaterial, and their interest in scientific research will be stimulated. Furthermore, the scientific research ability will be cultivated. Finally, the application of green chemistry is promoted in teaching.

Organic chemistry is a basic course for many students majoring in science, technology, agriculture, medicine. There are many knowledge points and some of them are quite difficult to understand, therefore, Q & A are always highly desirable. Today, with the development of the internet environment, the use of the internet platform to help answering questions can be an important means of auxiliary teaching. After groping and trying, the organic question and answer group of the study guidance center of the Chemistry Department of Zhejiang University has successfully built a public question answering platform for organic chemistry teaching, which has been in operation over 1 year. It has received the active participation of students from various colleges and departments and the full support of teachers and students of the chemistry department, and the evaluation is good. This paper will introduce the method, effect and improvement direction of realizing public question answering platform by using student volunteer organization and QQ group construction.

Gallium is located at the fourth period and the IIIA group. It plays a significant role in clinical diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Ga(Ⅲ) usually acts as a competitive inhibitor of Fe(Ⅲ) in organisms, as it shares most chemical characteristics except redox activity with Fe(Ⅲ). It can disrupt iron homeostasis in tumor or in microorganisms, thereby achieving antineoplastic or anti-microbial effects. In the aspect of cancer diagnosis and treatment, Ga(Ⅲ) can be taken up by cells through transferrin or independent transportation. On the one hand, its radioactive isotope (⁶⁷Ga or ⁶⁸Ga) concentrates in cancer tissues, realizing radiographic diagnosis of tumors. On the other hand, non-radioactive gallium kills cancer cells by inhibiting the normal function of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and causing mitochondrial oxidative stress. In terms of antibacterial activity, Ga competes with Fe in biochemical reactions which enables it to destroy biofilms of bacteria and cause their death. In this review, we introduce the application of gallium in antineoplastic and antibacterial fields with the chemical mechanism revealed. And the development of Ga-based drugs will also be expected.

By reviewing and combing the literatures about Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (referred to as CChO), it was found that the studies on CChO by Chinese scholars are concentrated in five parts, including the analysis of the competition test questions, the strategies of training competition, the competition situation of regional area, the commenting on competitions and the comparative analysis of domestic and international Chemistry Olympiad. The results suggest that the competition test questions and the strategies of training competition are two major hotspots. There are only a few studies on the development in Chemistry Olympiad of regional area. In the researches on the strategies of training competition, Chinese scholars have focused on the cultivation of students' thinking and problem-solving skills and gradually began to pay attention to the students' interest, independent learning, and cooperative learning. As the core literacy of chemistry is proposed, some scholars have successively carried out the studies in the combination of the chemistry education hotspots with Chemistry Olympiad (mainly focus on the test questions and the strategies of training competition).

Aiming at the unspecified problem that the number of electrons provided by a halogen, oxygen group, and other p-group non-metallic elements as coordination atoms is 1, 0 etc. in VSEPR theory, this article focuses on explaining the numbers using mathematical formula and presents a simplified method for calculating the valence electron pairs using calculation rules for the central and coordination atoms. This article specifically presents a new method to analyze the hybrid type of organic small molecules with a chain structure using the deducted calculation rules. Furthermore, it discusses how the outermost s-electrons of the long-period p-group non-metallic elements impact the total number of valence electrons via the penetration effect and the mutual influence of multiple bonds to compare the bond angles of covalent molecules using the differences in the electronegativity. This method is expected to be a useful supplement to the application of VSEPR theory.

Through a story that the main character Xiaoquan visits the new house of his aunt and uncle, the series of dialogues on formaldehyde discloses the toxicity, the removal in indoor air and the chemistry mechanism. This article also introduced some practical uses of formaldehyde.

Aryl diazonium salts are a class of important synthons in the field of organic synthesis due to their versatile reactivity and easy availability. Despite the widespread use of the denitrogenation-type cross-coupling, reduction, and azo-coupling reactions of aryl diazonium salts, the cycloaddition reactions of aryl diazonium salts have long been neglected. Noteworthy is that recent renaissance in this type of reactions has open powerful access to a diverse array of N-heterocycles. This minireview summarizes the latest development and applications of cycloaddition reactions of aryl diazonium salts as well as their new opportunity in organic synthesis.

In recent years, the reformation of chemical experiment teaching has made great achievements. The current situation of the design of the new chemical experiments is analyzed. The direction of topic selection, design method, teaching practice and evaluation of the new experiments in the future are discussed. This paper is expected to have reference value for peers.

The basic functions and features of Visual MINTEQ, a software for chemical equilibrium modeling, are presented in this paper. Some examples were given to illustrate the usage and application of this program in college chemistry teaching, including pH calculation of buffer solution, acid-base titration simulation, chemical species distribution curve plotting and precipitation-dissolution equilibrium prediction. It was found that the application of Visual MINTEQ software not only enriches the form of classroom teaching, but also improves the students' understanding and mastery of relevant theoretical knowledge, thus establishing a scientific and efficient research method for students' future studying career.

As the first molecule found in glycopeptide antibiotic family, vancomycin has been considered as the last line of defense for multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria for a long time. In this paper, we utilized several short stories from different narrative perspectives to summarize the whole process of discovery and development of vancomycin. Furthermore, we also introduced some biochemical and organic concepts related to vancomycin at the same time.

This paper presents a comprehensive overview on the discovery and development of optical activity and chiroptical spectroscopy since the nineteenth century, with emphasis on the background and basic principles of the development of optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), electron circular dichroism (ECD) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy. Therein, the outstanding contributions of Chinese scientists Guangxian Xu and Yunjie Xu in the development of chiroptical spectroscopy are specifically mentioned.

In the Co²⁺ identification experiment, it was accidentally found that with an appropriate amount of SCN^- added into CoCl₂ solution, the solution presented reversible thermochromic phenomenon. Inspired by this phenomenon, the "flipped classroom" mode of experimental teaching of "doing first, teaching later, teaching determined by doing" was adopted accordingly based on the analysis and discussion of its thermochromic mechanism. Specifically, students do the experiment first and have questions during the experimental process, then the teacher demonstrates with students based on their questions, leading students to intuitive understanding of the thermochromic phenomenon and its influencing factors of some Co(Ⅱ) compounds or complexes. This article inspires students to use chemical principles and knowledge to explain and discuss the nature of thermochromic phenomenon, so as to deepen students' understanding of the structure, properties and concept of splitting energy of complexes. It also cultivates the students' ability of observation, analysis, judgment, induction, reasoning, summary, conclusion regular and "critical" thinking.

Can we count hydrocarbon isomers systematically and accurately? This article demonstrates a neat solution by introducing generating functions and Pólya's Counting Theorem based on high-school-level mathematics and chemistry knowledge. Starting with alkyls, we derive formulae to enumerate acyclic isomers (stereoisomerism not considered) of alkanes, monoalkenes, monoalkynes, benzene derivatives, disubstituted alkanes and dienes. We then check our results against manual enumeration to show their correctness. We also explore the asymptotic behavior of isomerism and empirically propose approximation formulae for counting isomers of the aforementioned hydrocarbons. Compared to results from literature, we strive to reduce advanced mathematical concepts involved to eliminate barriers for inquisitive high school readers, who may gain a more in-depth understanding of hydrocarbon structure and train their computational thinking. Compared to results from Chinese literature, our derivation is more concise, flexible and extendable.

The kinetic features of the nitration reaction of aromatic compounds were discussed. The structure dependence of the rate-determining step and therefore the rate equation is derived. Based on these discussions, the influential factors of nitration reaction are analyzed and the reaction conditions are optimized. For addition of dehydration agent, the possible mechanism is proposed based on which this rate equation and optimal conditions are discussed. This can be used as a good case for case-study for application of the principle of physical chemistry in organic chemistry so as to deepen the students' understanding of condition optimization.

Hydrogel is a polymer with a three-dimensional network structure, and is widely used in food, daily necessities and high technology fields. This article introduced the applications of natural hydrogels in food by using the examples of delicacy from Xi'an. On one hand, the chemistry for the preparation of these foods was well introduced, especially the potential health hazards and identification methods of borax, industrial gelatin and alum in hydrogel food were also introduced. On the other hand, the properties and advanced applications of hydrogels are also included.

Tantalum and niobium are father and daughter with similar properties. They have high chemical stability and wide applications. However, who is more unique and outstanding? This paper presents the properties and applications of niobium and tantalum compounds through the multi-round competition between father and daughter.

Aiming at the problems of the traditional BOPPPS model, such as insufficient understanding of student conditions, poor fault tolerance, delayed checking of learning effects, and loose connection between teaching contents, this article proposes the teaching design method based on Rain Classroom and BOPPPS improved model based on the student-centered teaching concept by focusing on student analysis. This paper also expounds the design concept, discusses the design link of the improved model, and introduces the teaching reform and practice by taking the course of "College Chemistry" as an example.

Based on the "returning home" experience of Edible Bird Nest (EBN), the main components of EBN, the corresponding efficacy and harm, the preparation method of sialic acid in EBN, the adulteration and authenticity identification of EBN were described in the first person role by using anthropomorphic technique, so that readers can understand EBN in a vivid and lively way.

Radioactive elements have played an essential role in human life and production. Herein, this paper introduces the properties of several representative radioactive elements, and the applications of radioactive elements in life and production. Our aim is to make it easier for readers to understand in a more lively way.

In the teaching process of inorganic element chemistry laboratory, "the cultivation of ability to find beauty" in the connotation of "aesthetic education" was taken as an integrating point. In pursuit of beautiful experimental results, students had a sense of achievement, and then trained and improved their own basic laboratory skills spontaneously. This was the transfer role of aesthetic education. Students would continue to discover more "beauty" in other experiments after the reaction principle of "cocktail" was explored. Therefore, they could develop the quality of circumspection, patience and perseverance gradually. At the same time, under the background of new National Matriculation Test and new source of students, it would play a positive role and far-reaching influence on freshmen's cognition of major and professional identity due to the improvement of chemistry learning interest.

Photochemical reactions are ubiquitous in our daily life. The cyanotype is a typical application of photochemical reactions to promote social development; it is generally well received due to its indefectible blue color. We have designed a popular science experiment program for three different age groups based on the photochemical reaction characteristics of the cyanotype. This program launches popular science content contrapuntally and includes making cyanotype photos, explaining the concept and principles of photochemical reactions, and carrying out UV protection experiments. To enhance the connection with life, we also creatively expanded the cyanotype-ultraviolet experiment to intuitively show participants the principles and effects of ultraviolet light. These experiments are easy to operate, safe, and environmentally friendly. In addition, the experimental results are very attractive, ornamental, and artistic, and are easy to understand, accept, and participate in. At the same time, they can stimulate participants' interest in learning chemistry and describe how chemistry can improve life.

Some colors in nature are structural colors with very fine structures at the micrometer or nanometer scale. These structural colors are usually shiny and change with the angle of view, such as the color of butterflies' wings, the color of birds' feathers, the surface of sea shell and beetle, etc. Due to the advantages of fastness, environmental friendliness, and iridescent effect, structural color has a broad application prospect in display, decoration and anti-counterfeiting fields. In this experiment, a green and simple method was used to obtain the monodisperse silica nanoparticles by simply mixing cheap and readily available ethyl orthosilicate with ammonia hydroxide. By changing the ethyl orthosilicate to ammonia hydroxide ratio, the particle size of silica nanoparticles can be tuned, so that suspension inks with different structural colors can be obtained. The resulted silica nanoparticles can be directly used for writing or drawing structural color patterns, and are expected to be used in low-cost color pigment preparation.

The Nobel Prize has become the highest honor of science nowadays, and the awarded achievements represent the most influential achievements in the process of human exploration of natural science. Although these achievements sound "high and cold", they are actually not far from our lives. This paper selects some Nobel Prize achievements which are closely related to our life and shows how these achievements affect our life through the life and dialogue of Dahua and Xiaoxue. This can further realize the importance of science and technology, and make people pay more attention to the development of science and technology, and stimulate teenager's enthusiasm for science and technology.

Two types of photovoltaic cells, which are solid-state p-n junction photovoltaic cell and N719 dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell, can be fabricated in a general chemistry lab by simple chemical methods. Some basic chemical principles involved are also discussed for further expanding in upper-division curriculum.

This article introduces clenbuterol through a trial that takes place in chemistry city. First, we introduce properties and medicinal value of clenbuterol, and explain the harm of clenbuterol in the trial. Then we elaborate the relationship and difference between clenbuterol and lean meat powder. Finally, detection methods of clenbuterol are presented to enhance people's understanding of clenbuterol.

Aromaticity is the characteristic of aromatic substances such as aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles, which is both important and difficult in the organic chemistry courses. Based on the structure and properties of benzene and heterocyclic compounds, coupled with wild imagination, this paper wittily tells the story of the college student Xiaohuamei traveling across the heterocyclic country and transforming into princess benzene, forming an eight-member group with the four princes of pyridine, pyrrole, furan and thiophene, the maid cyclopentadiene, the pageboy piperidine and tetrahydrofuran. With the attention of the public, they successfully passed the graduation defense and obtained the qualifications of the aromatic country. The aim is to deepen readers' understanding of the nature, the judgment basis, the structure and properties, as well as application of aromatics and aromatic heterocycles through analogy in a lively way, lead readers to further understand the scientific thought in the development process, and remind people to pay attention to the social impact of aromatic compounds.

The inorganic and analytical chemistry experiments for the 12th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament were introduced. The results were summarized and the main problems in the experimental test were analyzed.

Cryo-polymerization is a newly developed polymerization technique. Its polymerization temperature is below the freezing point of the medium and the polymerization locus is indeed the liquid microphase (about 10%, volume percent) embedded in the frozen bulk. Due to the low polymerization temperature as well as the highly concentrated monomer in the polymerization locus, cryo-polymerization facilitates the preparation of (ultra) high molecular weight polymers. In this experiment, the cryo-polymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid is performed separately, the molecular weight of the obtained polymer is modulated by varying polymerization parameters and determined by the dilute solution viscometry method. This experiment can prompt students to grasp the primary principle to control molecular weight of radical polymerization, utilize Mayo equation flexibility and learn some laboratory skills through watching out the experimental details, leading to acquisition of the ability to design experiment.

The Kelvin formula was taken as an example to discuss the application of new development concepts in physical chemistry teaching. The concept of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development is applied throughout the whole process of physical chemistry teaching and all the chapters of physical chemistry, which is further demonstrated by teaching design. It would promote the high-quality development of physical chemistry course, speed up the new pattern of physical chemistry curriculum construction in the new era, implement the new development concept, and play a demonstration role for the development of chemistry, science and even the entire higher education.

Based on the understanding of the thermochromic phenomenon and mechanism of some Co(II) compounds, the problem "situation" was created according to the situation. Namely, through vivid and intuitive demonstration experiments, students are guided to further understand the thermochromic phenomenon of some Cr(III) compounds and its influencing factors, and to explore and explain the thermochromic mechanism. It also furtherly cultivate the students' ability of observation, analysis, judgment, induction, reasoning, summary and exploration of laws and "critical" thinking.

In chemistry, covalent bonds are divided into two categories: σ and π bonds. A σ bond can exist independently or concurrently with π bonds, as found in multiple bonds. In contrast, textbooks indicate that all π bonds are accompanied by a σ bond. Is it possible for π single bonds to exist independently? Although there are few references, recent studies have shown that compounds that contain a π single bond do exist. Herein, we review the research progress and characteristics of independent π single bonds.

Biological sulfhydryl detection and protein labeling are critical in current scientific research. In this study, the traditional Ellman method and the newly developed Naph-EA-Mal fluorescent probe were used to quantify sulfhydryl groups in bovine serum albumin, thus giving students a better understanding of both traditional methods and cutting-edge technology. The content of sulfhydryl can be detected in situ through measuring the fluorescence intensity. In addition, students gain knowledge regarding the mechanism of thiol probes and the influence of the protein's three-dimensional structure on the reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups within the protein. The experiment covers basic technology of treating cells and different methods of treating biomacromolecules. These methods are comprehensive, modularized, and easy to implement. This lab course will help students obtain cutting-edge chemical biology knowledge. In addition, the experiments on the virtual experiment platform could further help students learn and understand the principles and operational methods used in this experiment.

The 2021 Wolf Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Profs Leslie Leiserowitz and Meir Lahav for demonstrating the interaction between three-dimensional molecular structure and the structure of organic crystals. Their findings greatly complement the scientific understanding of the mechanisms and mechanisms of self-assembly of organic macromolecules. It has made outstanding contributions to the development of organic crystal chemistry. This article took this opportunity to briefly introduce the two winners of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 2021 and the history and status of the Wolf Prize.

Based on the characteristics of general chemistry experiment course, this paper explored the joint point between the professional knowledge, as well as the ideological and political elements from three aspects of teaching goal design, laboratory teaching activity design, and teaching effectiveness evaluation. It outlined the implementation of ideological and political education in multiple dimensions, which allows students to develop the patriotism, scientific literacy, innovative consciousness, professional quality, social responsibility, dialectical thinking, and green developmental idea. By using laboratory teaching as the major approach, this practice integrated knowledge exploration, ability building and value shaping. The practice also pushed forward the important all-round education practices in the whole-process, so as to cultivate students to become the builders and successors of socialism in the new era with all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, aesthetics and labor.

The kinetic differential equations of reaction systems were introduced. By using the fourth-order Runge-Kunta numerical integration method and Visual Basic 6, a general kinetic simulation software was obtained. The relations between the concentrations of every component with time at a fixed temperature were directly calculated. The teaching practices on physical chemistry and other courses shown that this software could directly display the relationships between the concentrations of every component of the reaction system and the influencing factors such as time and temperature, which would be helpful for students to grasp the laws of reaction kinetics and the knowledge points of the courses.

Oxidation of alcohols is an important method to produce aldehydes and ketones, and is an important component in organic chemistry theory and practical teaching. Currently, oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone is commonly introduced in practical undergraduate textbooks. The only experiment designed for the preparation of aldehydes from primary alcohols in current practical textbooks is using the oxidant H₂O₂ for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde at 90 ℃ in the presence of a catalytic amount of Na₂WO₄·2H₂O/(C₄H₉)₄NHSO₄. However, this reaction has low-yields, potential safety issues, and concerns with environmental pollution. Here, we present a practical alternative reaction involving the mixed catalytic system of Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, 4-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-piperidinooxy (4-OH-TEMPO), and acetic acid (HOAc). This reaction allowed for a highly selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with an isolated yield of up to 91% using O₂ as the oxidant and H₂O as the solvent under mild conditions. This new strategy for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols is a low-cost, and more importantly, highly efficient and green strategy. Additionally, several techniques such as thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, flash preparative liquid chromatography, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy were used to detect and purify products, to improve experimental techniques, and to enhance the scientific literacy of undergraduate students.

This paper illustrates a laboratory training experiment covering polymer chemistry, electrosynthesis and instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the temperature-responsive microgel is synthesized following e-ATRP via electrochemically active polymerization on a commercialized electrochemical reaction device, and then temperature-responsive property of the microgels is characterized by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and dynamic light-scattering. This experiment is based on the research of cutting-edge topics, allowing expanding to the synthesis of other polymers or using a variety of electrochemical technology, which is helpful to train the students' awareness of interdisciplinary integration thinking and environmental awareness, and to train the students' innovation ability.

First, p-phenetidine and acetic acid were used as starting materials, and then acetic anhydride was added through nucleophilic substitution reaction to obtain phenacetin. The structure was identified by ¹H-NMR. The components of compound aspirin were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, and then the relations and differences between the two chromatography techniques were discussed. This experiment covers the experimental skills such as reflux, centrifugation, recrystallization, NMR, thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, and can help the undergraduates improve their analytical abilities.

This article describes the whole process of Xiao Ming getting a Helicobacter pylori infection, detecting this bacterial infection and curing the disease. It tells how the gastric wall cells protect themselves from the harm of gastric acid, the survival strategies for Helicobacter pylori in stomach, the detection methods and the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection.