In this paper, we discussed the basic elements which affect the shape of linear sweep voltammograms in the reaction process on the electrode surface, that is, heterogeneous electron transfer and mass transfer in liquid phase. Derived from the basic definition and principle of voltammetry, the "supply-demand" mode between electron and mass transfer determines the characteristics of voltammograms. A series of voltammetric behaviors under different electrochemical testing conditions were discussed, including conventional electrodes and microelectrodes, reversible and irreversible electrode processes, stationary and rotating disk electrodes, and electrocatalysis. The basic laws that affect the shape of voltammograms provide a reference for understanding the fundamental principles of linear sweep voltammetry and data analysis.

The study aims to help students learn efficiently, summarize systematically, and apply knowledge comprehensively regarding the critical aspects of free radical polymerization. A comprehensive problem was proposed to develop their knowledge-comprehensive-application ability, questioning ability, problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and literature consulting awareness. The comprehensive problem, covering all the important aspects of free radical polymerization, was designed accordingly and assigned as team homework. Herein, a new form of problems in polymer chemistry is being developed, the function of problems in polymer chemistry is expanded, students' minds are being opened, and satisfactory results are being achieved.

Modern instrumental analysis is an important basic course for students majoring in food and pharmacy. In the teaching process of the development and application of the instruments, there are many ideological and political elements that can be combined with professional knowledge. In this paper, the cases of ideological and political elements were organized elaborately based on the spirit of innovation, humanism and patriotism. In particular, the stories of the people and things around the students were selected as the main contents in those cases. This paper will provide valuable reference for the excavation of ideological and political elements in other related courses.

How to integrate the ideological and political elements into the core courses of chemistry and form the effect of collaborative education is an important task of the current course construction. This paper introduces the experience and thinking of ideological and political education cases design in the course of chemical analysis from the teaching team of analytical chemistry in Hunan University. Based on the teaching characteristics of chemical analysis, the corresponding teaching cases are constructed to reflect the teaching objectives and ideological and political education objectives. At the same time, the universal design ideas in the ideological and political teaching of the course are put forward.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant losses to the global community. The pathogen, called SARSCoV-2, showed high infection rate and certain case-fatality rate, which bring great challenges to treatments. Vaccination is the major way for epidemic prevention which attracts several developers to conduct COVID-19 vaccine studies. This paper presents the design principle of a COVID-19 vaccine and summarizes the latest research progress on vaccine development. The authors hope to provide insights for understanding vaccine study of COVID-19.

Five typical specious questions in polymer chemistry were discussed, including "the criterion of the spontaneity of a polymerization is △G < 0", "the activities of the two kind of active centers in an ideal copolymerization are the same", "ferrocenylmethyl acrylate (FMA) has a higher propagation rate constant of homopolymerization than 2-ferrocenylethyl acrylate (FEA)", "Methyl 3-(4-methylphenyl)-2-propenoate, or Methyl 4-methylcinnamate, can be homopolymerized into high polymer" and "α-cyanoacrylate cannot be free radically homopolymerized". Through raising and answering these questions, the students were encouraged to think, to doubt, to question, to explore, to acquire, and to understand under the teacher's inspiration and guidance. This helps to train the critical thinking skills, the problem conversion ability and the literature consulting awareness, to build the awareness and abilities of problem finding and problem raising, and to develop the ability to analyze and solve problems, in addition to acquire the right knowledge.

There is a trend of keeping all professional courses going together with the ideological and political theory course to develop the synergetic teaching mode for high education. To this end, we explored the course ideology and politics reconstruction in analytical chemistry course. The course of analytical chemistry features the significant characteristics of experimentally verifiable that allow the science argumentation and convincing people by reasoning, benefiting the reconstruction of course ideology and politics. We carefully designed the ideological and political elements and developed the "moistening things in silence" and emotional resonance teaching mode to realize the aim of value leading and to elevate the professional teaching effect.

The key of course ideology and politics is that the teacher should efficiently combine the political elements with instructional design in the professional contents, as well as integrate the ideas of socialist core values into the teaching process. In this paper, an example of instructional design about integrating the intellectual education and moral education in alkaloid learning is discussed, including the setup of learning goal, the selection and presentation of teaching content, the development of teaching activities and the assessment of teaching achievements, etc.

The background of the establishment of "chemistry metrology and technology" as an emerging engineering education major based on chemistry is analyzed. Based on the national development strategy, aiming at the urgent demand of interdisciplinary talents for the rapid development of chemistry metrology and technology, the necessity of setting up the major of "chemistry metrology and technology" based on chemistry is demonstrated. Based on the investigation of professional talents in instrument development enterprises and application fields, some suggestions on the program of "chemistry metrology and technology" major including orientation, objectives, graduation requirements and professional training are provided. Some requirements of the curriculum, teaching staff and teaching conditions are put forward.

Biochemistry is a branch subject of chemistry, which is the study of chemical structures and processes associated with living organisms. COVID-19 pandemic is a problem for human beings. From the perspective of biochemistry, this paper demonstrates the chemical structure and interactions of SARS-CoV-2's spike protein and its receptor (human angiotensin converting enzyme 2), and summarizes the related research progresses. The authors hope to provide insights for the development of COVID-19 vaccine.

Conjugated system, the moiety that the electronic orbitals of adjacent atoms or groups overlap, the electrons delocalize and the bond lengths become average, has special electronic effects, i.e., the conjugate effect that is crucial and difficult in organic chemistry course. It is very important to master the classification and structural characteristics of conjugated systems for understanding the conjugate effect, as well as physical and chemical properties of compounds. However, these have not been systematically discussed in general organic chemistry textbooks and literature. Here, the broad and narrow sense of conjugated systems, the classification and structural characteristics of narrow-sense conjugated system, hyper-conjugated system, through-bond and through-space conjugations were illustrated through the molecular structures of examples and the electronic orbital figures of valence bond and molecular orbital theories.

There are many types of organic compounds, which have caused some problems in the teaching of organic chemistry. Understanding the structures of organic compounds, and thereby obtaining clarity on the properties of organic compounds, would improve the efficiency of teaching and learning. In order to understand the structures of organic compounds, it is necessary to be familiar with carbon atom hybridization and bonding in various organic compounds. In this paper, the aforementioned hybridization is briefly summarized in the order of sp, sp², and sp³ hybridization.

Polymeric materials played an important role in the battle against novel corona virus epidemic. These materials can be seen everywhere not only from the conventional protective masks to professional protective equipment, but also from the expensive extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to the rapid construction of the Huoshenshan and Leishenshan Hospital. In this paper, the synthesis, processing and manufacture of these polymeric materials are introduced from the viewpoint of polymer chemistry, polymer physics and polymer processing, with emphasis on the important role of these materials in the battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.

Considering COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control, education materials were excavated and refined, such as chemical disinfectants, typical drugs used in clinical treatment or trial and materials for preparation of medical protective equipment. We have carried out thematic teaching on "The important role of chemistry in the fight against COVID-19 epidemic", and integrated ideological and political education into the thematic teaching. Through thematic teaching, we can make students feel the charm of chemistry subject, stimulate students' interest in learning chemistry, fully mobilize students' learning enthusiasm and initiative, strengthen students' confidence and courage to overcome difficulties, cultivate the students' professional disciplines literacy and scientific literacy, activate students' love for the motherland, the people and the Communist Party of China.

The concept of "course ideology and politics" is to achieve the effective integration of professional with ideological and political education. Taking chromatography teaching in analytical chemistry curriculum as an example, by combining with the elements of ideological and political education from multiple perspectives, this paper introduces the exploration and practices on "course ideology and politics education" in chromatography theoretical and experimental teachings as well as students' practice outside the classroom.

A variety of domestic and international organic chemistry textbooks hold the standpoint that the two resonance structures of benzene are Kekulé structures. By introducing the research history of benzene structures and the structural characteristics of Kekulé's benzene, we propose that the above standpoint should be reconsidered. We also suggest that the two resonance structures should be named as "Pauling's structure" or "Pauling benzene".

The application conditions of pre-equilibrium and steady-state approximations usually used for treatment of complex chemical kinetics are discussed. Based on the characters of opposing reaction, the simplified application conditions for pre-equilibrium approximation is proposed. The shortcoming of the former conditions is pointed out. By defining a dimensionless parameter relating to the discrepancy from steady state and using graphic method, the application conditions of steady-state approximation for the consecutive reaction is clarified. When the rate for consumption of the intermediate is 100 times larger than its generation rate, the error by using steady-state approximation is less than 1%, which is a good approximation.

The top-ranking content of teaching is the core of first-class curriculum construction. This paper mainly introduces an example of teaching design for the first-class off-line course "Basic Chemistry Laboratory (Ⅰ)" at Xiamen University, which consists of the overall design and implementation about the laboratory teaching of "preparation, composition and impurity analysis, application of ammonium ferrous sulfate". The aim is to provide reference experience for the construction and the teaching reform of first-class course of basic chemistry laboratory.

Phosphorus is the 15^th element of the Group V in the third cycle in the periodic table of elements. It plays very important roles in our daily life, involving life, medicine, health, environment, materials, agriculture, etc. It is also indispensable in our daily diet. In this paper, food additives containing phosphorus were introduced in detail, focusing on their main types, application and safety evaluation. Through the discussion about food additives containing phosphorus, we wish to help the readers to have a scientific and fair understanding and comments for food additives.

This article describes an introduction of fulminic acid. The story of fulminic acid and fulminates was introduced from the discovery of mercury fulminate to the concept of isomers and the success of Alfred Nobel in the development of explosives. This process provides a good example of integrating science and technology.

Analytical chemistry has a breadth of audience in colleges and universities, because it is one of the basic courses for most disciplines. As analytical chemistry course starts at the early college year, it will play important influence on the formation of the correct ideological and political opinion of students. The authors made deep exploration on the ideological and political elements in classroom teaching of acid-base titration, complexation titration and Ringbom's equation. The results show that ideological and political elements can be integrated into teaching process if we hold the idea of cultural inheritance and innovation.

Inorganic chemistry and inorganic chemistry laboratory are the first professional basic courses for students majored in chemistry. This article combs the joint points between the professional knowledge and ideological and political education, and illustrates the importance of course ideology and politics in educating students in terms of cultivating the students' characters of speculative spirit and scientific development concept, social responsibility and responsibility, and the values of "patriotism, dedication, integrity, friendliness".

The integration of professional courses and ideological and political education is the fundamental task of moral education in colleges and universities. Physical chemistry, as the core professional course of chemistry, plays an important role in the cultivation of students. In this study, based on the concept of course ideology and politics and the teaching objectives of physical chemistry, possible points for ideological and political education in the course are explored from the following six aspects: the history and development of the discipline, resumes of scientists, classical theories and methods, interdisciplinary knowledge, the frontiers of physical chemistry and science and technology, and applications of physical chemistry in production and life. Meanwhile, teaching designs, practice modes, and evaluation methods of course ideology and politics are proposed.

As the break out of COVID-19 epidemic, the prevention and control work was consequently carried out. Chemistry plays an important role in the white war. The structure of mask contains the knowledge of interfacial chemistry. The material of mask encompasses the knowledge of polymer chemistry. Nucleic acid test and COVID-19 vaccine research need the knowledge of biological chemistry. The sanitizers involve the knowledge of inorganic and organic chemistry. The knowledge of physical chemistry takes effect in daily hand washing with soap. Each drug against COVID-19 virus was a complex organic compound. All the above things can be taken as appropriate examples in chemistry teaching to display the charm of chemistry. Meanwhile, these examples help students to realize that chemistry works as a vital part in our lives and therefore active their motivation to study chemistry well.

In the university, analytical chemistry is an important basic course for junior college students. There is a variety of dialectical views, rules, and relationships of materialism in analytical chemistry. Fully excavating these dialectical elements and infiltrating them into the classroom teaching process is necessary. This will not only help students deeply understand the subject knowledge, but also cultivate their dialectical thinking mode, establish the correct worldview and scientific methodology. This is conducive to the same resonance frequency between knowledge education and thinking education, and fits the current course ideological and political education. In the present paper, combining many years of teaching practice, the author briefly explains the integration of dialectical elements in analytical chemistry with the corresponding teaching content.

On the basis of teaching content of computational chemistry course, we introduce a computational chemistry experiment to senior undergraduates. This experiment uses Gaussian 09, GaussView and UltraEdit softwares to search the transition state of $ \text{HCN}\rightleftharpoons \text{HNC} $ isomerization reaction, calculate the energies of reactant (HCN), transition state (TS) as well as the product (HNC), and consequently to obtain the reaction activation energy. Through this experiment, students will learn how to perform the energy calculation with the quantum chemistry calculation methods to obtain activation energy of a reaction.

As an old saying goes: "firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar, tea", as one of the most popular seasonings in the kitchen, soy sauce brings us rich taste experience every day. In order to give readers a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of this condiment that is closely related to our lives, this paper introduces the history of soy sauce, brewing technology and the formation principle of color and flavor from the perspective of chemistry.

Combining the characteristics of inorganic chemistry course, this paper analyzes the problems existing in carrying out "course ideology and politics" education in the teaching of professional courses, discusses how to deeply excavate the elements of ideological and political education contained in inorganic chemistry course, explores the practical ways of integrating ideological and political education into inorganic chemistry course, and proposes specific methods of integrating ideological and political elements through typical cases in the teaching process of professional courses, in order to achieve the "Trinity" education goal of value guidance, ability cultivation and knowledge imparting, and train high-quality talents with both ability and political integrity.

Abundant basic pharmaceutical knowledge is involved in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and the discovery and development of antiviral drugs. This paper gives detailed summary and provides rich materials for case teaching.

Organic-chemistry-related questions in the 33rd Jiangsu Province senior high school chemistry Olympiad selection contest are analyzed and elaborated upon in detail. To assist teaching, computational chemistry was utilized and served as a reference for instructors and participating students.

There is a kind of magical super-infiltration phenomenon in nature, which is caused by the special micro-and nano-structures on its surface. For example, the droplets of water on lotus leaves after rain, and the lightness skill of water striders float on the water. In the manuscript, two simple super-infiltrative interfacial agents and a switch-type Cu(OH)₂@ZIF-8 nanomesh were synthesized by simulating the micro-interface structure of natural plants. The omni-directional popularization of science is a magical and interesting natural phenomenon to stimulate teenagers' interest in nature and science.

This paper introduces the preparation, purification and structure identification of aspirin, especially the teaching method, purpose and result at distinct stages of the experiment. Through problem-based learning with flipped classroom, students' active learning ability and comprehensive experimental ability was improved. By doing experiments independently and discussing the experiment result in groups, students' ability of independent thinking and cooperation was strengthened.

In the era of sharp reformation in China's higher education, inorganic chemistry laboratory course is the first laboratory course for freshmen whose majors are chemistry or related disciplines. The freshmen are omnidirectionally cultivated, including ideology and politics, in inorganic chemistry laboratory course, which plays a key role in improving lab skills, consolidating basic theoretical knowledge, stimulating students' patriotic feelings, understanding scientific laws, and developing thinking innovation. Our work took the preparation of graphene oxide as an example to discuss how to introduce ideology and politics into the laboratory teaching. Thus, it will improve the undergraduates' scientific research ability, and meanwhile make them realize the importance of scientific research in strengthening our country, therefore to cultivate their idea of serving the country with science and technology.

The status and main problems in the cultivation of master degree graduate training in materials and chemical engineering (chemical engineering field) of Harbin Institute of Technology were analyzed by applying the concept of engineering education paradigm. Combined with the professional directions of chemical engineering discipline in HIT, i.e. "one field" (new chemical material field) and "two industries" (electrochemical engineering and polymer material engineering), the revision of training program, the course constructions and the measures for engineering practice ability and innovation ability training were explored and practiced with the purpose of the cultivation of industry leaders and high-level talents in chemical engineering filed.

Using web technology, the development and application of the platform of molecular point group system PGLite have been described in this paper. A friendly interface for directly accessing webpages to manipulate molecular models has been implemented, and a molecular point group display platform for structural chemistry courses has been constructed to help students better understand the molecular symmetry, which effectively improve the teaching effect of molecular point groups section.

This paper briefly introduced the classification of disposal face masks, and the composition and structure of key protective layer, in addition to its protection principle. The feasibility of reuse and disinfection of the disposable face masks with several common medical methods is discussed based on the physical structure and chemical composition of meltblown, the main protective layer, in addition to biochemical characteristics of new coronavirus.

As an important carrier of the Internet of everything, QR code extremely makes people's life greatly. This paper introduces practices and experiences of applying QR code to laboratory teaching, laboratory instrument management and academic report flexibly of the National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education of Xiamen University, hoping to provide applicable guidance for domestic university laboratory teaching and laboratory instrument management.

Applied technology university is a university which mainly trains applied talents, but it is not in line with the requirements of the times to only pay attention to the application-oriented training and ignore the course ideology and politics. "Course ideology and politics" is a new concept of university personnel training. Under the concept of cultivating applied talents, the teachers of professional courses integrate ideological and political education into professional teaching, and integrate "cultivating applied talents" and "building up course ideology and politics" organically, to realize the course ideology and politics construction of curriculum under the application-oriented personnel training mode.

Functional polymer materials is not only an elective course of the chemistry, but also an important professional course of the functional materials. In order to achieve the "moistening things silently" teaching goal, this paper introduces the exploration and practice of the course ideology and politics construction in "functional polymer materials" course from the following aspects: the combination of the ideological and political elements and teaching content, guiding students to discuss and interact with the frontier of related disciplines, and writing review papers and actively participating in scientific research.

Aiming at the importance of promoting the construction of course ideology and politics, the significance of incorporating ideology and politics elements in inorganic chemistry teaching is clarified. Combining with the authors' teaching examples of ideological and political education in the course, the strategies for integrating ideological and political elements in daily teaching and related teaching reform measures, and the expectation to the professional teachers were put forward.

Chemistry contributes a lot to the rapid development of science and technology. Herein, applying the concept of "chemistry from nothing", we explained the principles in cutting-edge chemical achievements for undergraduates. Reading this article, they are supposed to understand the theoretical knowledge further and show more interested in the frontiers of chemistry.

A good way to understand the complex structures and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 is from the perspective of chemistry. The basic components, structures, and replication processes of SARS-CoV-2 are described in a firstperson perspective to elucidate the essential role of intermolecular forces in living organisms.

The crop science of Sichuan Agricultural University is an authorized first-class discipline. As the strategic supporting department for innovative talent cultivation in agriculture and forestry major, we are facing a long-term challenge in reforming the teaching mode for basic course-organic chemistry and cultivating talented students with solid basic knowledge and strong sense of innovation. Herein a thorough survey was performing to establish the executable teaching programs for this course during the "Double-First Class Universities Plan" period. A multidimensional teaching resource library for organic chemistry course was also constructed. The new classroom teaching mode "Interest cultivation-Creative thought development-Autonomous and Cooperative learning", along with a stepwise practice teaching mode "Foundation skills-Integrated application-Innovative trial" was proposed and practiced among thirty-five majors including agriculture, forestry and veterinary, to improve the quality for innovative talent cultivation and support our first-class discipline construction. This research could probably serve as a reference for congeneric agricultural university.

The revision of "Suggestions for Teaching Contents and Requirements of Physical Chemistry Course for Chemistry Majors (2020 Edition)" is introduced. The way to use this suggestion is explained. Based on the ideas of student-centeredness and outcome-based education, the overall objectives of physical chemistry teaching and the knowledge, ability and quality objectives of each part are defined. It is of guiding significance for the teaching research, teaching reform, textbook composition and evaluation of teaching effectiveness of physical chemistry course in our country at present and in the future.

First-class course construction is the foundation of first-class undergraduate education construction. Based on the understanding of the "Two properties and one degree" standard of first-class course, key characteristics of the first-class course construction are summarized as accurate positioning, clear teaching goals, good construction foundation, advanced pedagogy, first-class construction, remarkable effectiveness and preferential demonstration. Taking the construction of first-class physical chemistry course in Shandong University as an example, the course orientation, the determination of teaching objectives and the design and implementation of the teaching are introduced. The practice and experience of the course construction are demonstrated in five aspects as first-class foundation, first-class teachers, first-class resources, first-class pedagogical ideas and first-class achievements. It can be used as the reference for the future construction of first-class courses in other universities.

Hydroboration of olefins is a concerted addition reaction involving only one step. It is generally considered to proceed via a four-center cyclic transition state. We performed theoretical studies on the reaction mechanism of the hydroboration of propene using quantum chemistry calculations, which led to a unique transition state that was inconsistent with the so-called four-center cyclic structure. In the computed transition state, the boron atom is bonded to both of the olefinic carbon atoms, and the degree of the hydrogen shift event is very low. All of these observations are consistent with those reported in the literature. Further theoretical studies revealed that the reaction might involve certain structures similar to the four-center cyclic structure, appearing as the transient states between the transition state and the product. Finally, the reaction mechanism of hydroboration was analyzed from the perspective of the orbital interaction model.

One best way to get insight into the fascinating history of twentieth century chiroptical spectroscopy and its inextricable entanglement with history of quantum physics is to look at the vivid life stories of particular scholars. This article describes the little-known experience of the Belgian theoretical physicist Léon Rosenfeld (1904-1974) in creating a quantum interpretation of the optical activity theory. In the history of science literature Rosenfeld' page was totally a blank sheet, but as a pioneer in the exploration of the quantum origin of optical activity, he has an irreplaceable position in the development history of chiroptical spectroscopy.

The optical rotation measurement of the rate constant of sucrose hydrolysis reaction is one of the very classic chemical kinetic experiments in the university physical chemistry laboratory. In this paper, the addition of the optical rotation of the sucrose hydrolysis system, the reversibility of the sucrose hydrolysis reaction, and the effect of temperature on the reversible reaction equilibrium are discussed in depth. This article verifies the approximate processing in the current laboratory teaching, such as approximating the sucrose hydrolysis reaction as a first-order reaction, ignoring the reversed reaction, and the experimental conditions for obtaining the complete hydrolysis solution of sucrose. This article expands the teaching content of the sucrose hydrolysis experiment and deepens the students' understanding of optical rotation, chemical reaction order, thermodynamic dynamic balance and other knowledge.

Alcohol gel for hand-washing disinfection is a kind of daily chemical which has 75% alcohol. It belongs to the category of fine chemicals and is prepared by adjusting the viscosity of alcohol with a thickener. It has played an important role in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, and is familiar to people. The basic formula is simple and the ingredients are easy to obtain. Although the production process is simple, the experiment is still a bit difficult. Thus, the preparation process is very suitable for designing the teaching content of "Fine Chemical Laboratory" or similar courses. By setting up this experiment in applied chemistry specialty or related majors, the course can not only enhance students' professional interest in the fine chemical industry, but also cultivate theirs ability to design product formula and practical experience. At the same time, the course also contains many ideological and political elements, which is very suitable for carrying out ideological and political education in laboratory course. Through this course, we can enhance students' awareness of preventing COVID-19 infections, and strengthen their confidence to Chinese characteristic socialism.

Since the first successful chemical synthesis of graphdiyne by the group of Prof. Yuliang Li, this material is attracting much attention and becoming a new research focus and field. As a new carbon allotrope, graphdiyne has a unique three-dimensional pore structure and electronic structure, thus, can be applied in energy storage devices and the fields of catalyst. This article briefly describes theoretical calculation prediction and development of the new material, in particular, its electrochemical property and catalytic property. Introducing this new carbon material into the related teaching of chemistry knowledge of university can expand the academic vision of scientific research and improve the learning interest and scientific research literacy of the undergraduates.

Gallium is the 31st element in the periodic table of elements. In this paper, the discovery, nature and application of gallium are introduced in the form of storytelling, aiming at giving readers a full understanding of "what is gallium?"

According to the construction concept of the "emerging engineering education", ideas and the connotations for constructing "intelligent molecular engineering" are introduced. The necessities of setting up of "intelligent molecular engineering" are discussed and the cultivation demand of professional talents is analyzed. The construction draft of "intelligent molecular engineering" is also expounded, including the cultivation targets and requirements of graduation, the teaching content of curriculum system, teaching staff and teaching conditions. All the statements are significant for guiding the design and construction of "intelligent molecular engineering".

Application of programming language R for the teaching of analytical chemistry was demonstrated with several examples. Numerical calculation of R was used to solve the high-order equations involved in chemical equilibrium. It avoided the cumbersome processes of formula simplification, and also unified all equilibrium calculations into the same method. Plotting functions of R were used to plot species distribution curves, titration curves, etc. Statistical analysis functions of R were used to replace the traditional manual method. Numerical simulation functions of R were used to help students understand complex concepts such as propagation of error and confidence interval. Compared with Excel, which is commonly used in the teaching of analytical chemistry, R also has the characteristics of being code-based, self-explanatory, flexible, rapidly evolving, and readily accessible. The application of R in teaching of analytical chemistry not only helps to improve the learning efficacy, but also provides an opportunity for students to master the powerful research tool R.

Although at first glance, the old reaction of B₂H₆ (diborane) with NH₃ seemed to be simple, it has been shown that the reaction was complex and had perplexed boron chemists for decades. The reaction was highly sensitive to the experimental conditions, and one or the mixture of the products, such as diammoniate of diborane (DADB, [NH₃BH₂NH₃][BH₄]), ammonia borane (AB, NH₃·BH₃), aminodiborane (ADB, NH₂B₂H₅), could be obtained. It was known that the asymmetrical cleavage of the double bridge bond of B₂H₆ produced the ionic product DADB, whereas symmetrical cleavage afforded the covalent product, AB. The different cleavage patterns of B₂H₆ under particular conditions attracted interest to study the key points of the selectivity including steric effect, inductive effect, solvent effect, and dielectric constant, but it is still not possible to predict the products of the reactions of B₂H₆ with Lewis base. B₂H₆ was present in THF as the THF·BH₃ adduct, and the products of the reactions of Lewis bases with THF·BH₃or B₂H₆ were of the same types. The formation mechanisms of AB and DADB were explored by an ingenious design using THF·BH₃ as a proxy for more reactive B₂H₆, and the reaction of THF·BH₃ with NH₃could be carried out under mild conditions. It was found that dihydrogen bonds played a critical role in the competing formation of AB and DADB. Both experimental and computational results demonstrated that dihydrogen bond was the dominant factor in the complex formation mechanism of ADB.

The adsorption on the solid-liquid interface is important for industry and daily life. To investigate the adsorption process, the adsorption thermodynamics usually are essential. The adsorption thermodynamics are analyzed with the parameters of the change of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS). In this presentation, the different methods for calculation of the adsorption thermodynamics parameters are introduced. Moreover, examples for calculations and applications of the adsorption thermodynamics are presented.

The education characters of emerging engineering education (3E) is summarized. The necessary for reform and construction of new chemistry-related majors based on the ideal of 3E is discussed. The main ideas and ways proposed and the main research progresses made by the Instructional Committee of Chemistry Majors, Mistry of Education are briefly introduced with emphasis on the setup of two new majors namely "Chemistry Metrology and Technology" and "Intelligent Molecular Engineering" and reform of "Energy Chemistry". It is of guidance significance for the future reform of chemistry-related majors based on the 3E idea.

Gold element occupies a crucial position in the history of science and technology. Ernest Rutherford figured out the basic architecture of the atom by shooting alpha-particles at gold foil. Michael Faraday's experiments with colloidal gold gave an early hint of today's nanotechnology revolution. The gold electrodes were used to make the chips that triggered the information revolution. Gold nanoparticles are central to the development of gold technologies, such as diagnostic testing tools, plasma effects and highly effective catalysts. In this paper, the history, application and future development of nano-gold are discussed and summarized in vivid language with examples. Meanwhile, the relevant physical and chemical principles are also introduced, so that readers can understand the relevant knowledge of nano-gold in interesting reading.

Known as the "timeless classic", jeans have been deeply integrated into people's lives. In order to give readers a more comprehensive and profound understanding of jeans, this paper introduces the development of indigo dye and the principles of jeans dyeing and aging process from the perspective of chemistry.

The selection principles and applicability of several commonly used chemical protective gloves were analyzed in detail. The characteristics of chemical structure, polarity and solubility of polymer, and the anti-penetration and anti-aging properties of chemical protective gloves of different materials would be introduced in this paper.

To fully explore the ideological and political elements in the sugar compounds chapter of organic chemistry course, and give full play to the important role of professional courses in moral education, we sort out the learning objectives of this chapter and design the learning content accordingly. The teaching system on carbohydrate compounds was constructed with the knowledge of carbohydrate compounds as the main body, the stories of sugar structure and synthesis research, the discipline thoughts of chemistry, and the contributions of China in sugar chemistry research dominated.

Based on the development prospect of cosmetics industry, the advantage of light industry characteristic and the foundation of applied chemistry in Jiangnan University, a systematic upgrading of applied chemistry was carried out through "emerging engineering education (3E)" project "upgrade and practice of chemistry-related majors of local and/or trade university responding to the social developments" supported by the Ministry of Education. On the basis of investigation and analysis, the orientation and training goal of applied chemistry were updated first, and then the curriculum system was determined and the curriculum construction is strengthened, so as to achieve more distinctive characteristics, more solid foundation and more comprehensive quality. In view of the new requirements of the 3E for talent training, some practices have been formed in the aspects of multi-disciplinary integration, multi-angle coordination and close integration to industry. Contributing the development of cosmetics industry and seizing the commanding point of science and technology from the perspective of talent training, will play a unique role in human social progress.

In this paper, the different ideas about the concept of the oxidation number in domestic chemistry textbooks have been discussed. Based on this, we propose to use the term of specified charge number instead of formal charge number and apparent charge number to describe the oxidation number. Through the interpretation of the definition of the oxidation number, we draw some important inferences and finally introduce our explorations and attempts on the contents of the oxidation number in compiling the inorganic chemistry textbook, and suggest introducing the valence-shell electron number method to determine the oxidation number of elements in inorganic chemistry and general chemistry textbooks.

Chemistry is a central science. However, the public's recognition of chemistry needs to be promoted, and the prejudice needs to be reduced. Chemical science popularization is a long-term, complex and arduous social education project, which is of great significance to promote social harmony and improve people's quality of life. This paper summarizes the current status of chemical science popularization in China, and puts forward the innovative development countermeasures which focus on improving public participation, training popular science talents, carrying out popular science popularization education at different levels, creating high-quality science popularization works and opening up new positions and approaches of chemical science popularization. This paper has the reference value for the science popularization colleagues.

To respond President Xi's call of letting ideological and political work exist throughout the whole teaching plication course and creating a new situation for the development of higher education in China, the important practice about utilizing classroom teaching to teach and educate people has been investigated. Through the reasonable design of the teaching procedure about environmental chemistry introduction class under the premise of guaranteeing the original knowledge system, the ideological and political elements of the class have been excavated and the course has become more interesting. This kind of design can increase students' participation and let them understand the generation and development of environment problem, recognize the major environmental issues of the day, clarify the research content and task of environmental chemistry during the learning process of completing the course content.

This article introduces the application of smartphones in chemistry laboratory teaching in a comprehensive way. We summarize the characteristics of chemical experiment methods based on smartphones and the advantage of smartphones in chemistry laboratory teaching, and make an outlook of the application of smartphones in chemistry laboratories.

Understanding redox reactions in reaction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺) requires a clear grasp of the textbook content. The reactions in nicotinamide coenzymes with reduced and oxidized forms have been compared in various biochemistry textbooks. Incorrect interpretations usually emphasize the valence changes that at nitrogen in the pyridine ring of a nicotinamide from +5 to +3. Actually, the valence of nitrogen in pyridine ring is -3. We have gathered shreds of evidences and provide here possible suggestions and caution for readers and instructors.

This "emerging engineering education (3E)" project "Upgrade and Practice of Chemistry-related Majors of Local and/or Specialized University Responding to the Industry Changes" was supported by the Ministry of Education. To aim at the issue of how to upgrade the chemistry-related majors of a local and/or specialized university responding to industry changes, an investigation on local regional economy and industry changes was carried out, the capability requirements of 3E for talents were analyzed, and the training objectives, graduation requirements as well as the new teaching models were also studied for the major to meet the future requirements. The practical experience for 3E construction of chemistry-related majors by selected universities was suggested.

Virtual simulation teaching is a new type of teaching mode in recent years, which is a fusion of multiple disciplines, multiple regions and multi-level laboratory teaching methods. Taking virtual simulation experiment platform construction of chemical engineering in Tianjin University as an example, this paper introduces the chemical safety knowledge, the integration of theoretical knowledge, the experimental content, the specific content of virtual simulation resources, and the characteristic of virtual simulation experiment platform. This platform provides a new model of efficient combination of virtual simulation resources and traditional teaching resources, which promotes the development of chemical laboratory teaching.

Iron has played an essential role in human life and production. Herein, by means of visit, this paper personifies Iron to describe its physical properties and chemical properties and its application in life and production. Our aim is to make it easier for readers to understand in a more lively way.

Xiamen University established the world's first undergraduate program for energy chemistry in 2015. Herein, we introduced the energy chemistry course group which includes 11 courses. We also described the curriculum system and the teaching arrangement of the undergraduates, and summarized the experience in the construction of energy chemistry major, especially the ideas of science and technology integration and collaborative innovation. We expected our teaching experience would help the other universities to apply for the energy chemistry major and set up relevant courses.

This comprehensive experiment has successfully introduced the frontier of scientific research into undergraduate laboratory teaching. A magnetic Co/C nanocomposite was synthesized by using ZIF-67 as the precursor. Upon calcination at high temperature in inert atmosphere, ZIF-67 was degraded and carbonized to form Co/C nanocomposite. The adsorption performance of Co/C nanocomposite for Congo Red was investigated in detail. The structure and composition of the nanocomposite were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The concentration of Congo Red was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The kinetics data was fitted with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The adsorption isotherms were analyzed according to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. This experiment covers the synthesis of inorganic-organic hybrid material, characterization of materials, concentration determination of dyes, analysis of dynamics data and adsorption isotherms. Therefore, this experiment enables students to practice their experimental skills, increase their interest in scientific research, and broaden their professional knowledge.

Faced with the wave of "Double First-class" construction of higher education in the new era, chemistry major in higher normal university must create their own characteristic projects. Taking the development of chemistry major of Central China Normal University as an example, the national first-class construction of chemistry major in the new era were discussed from three aspects: The first aspect was the construction of objectives, programs and the formation of curriculum groups; the second aspect was the in-depth pedagogies; and the last aspect was related to the creation of management systems and mechanisms.

This study illustrates a comprehensive experiment covering polymer chemistry, physical chemistry and instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgels are synthesized and characterized. The PNIPAM microgels are prepared by free-radical precipitation polymerization in aqueous phase. The temperature responsive properties of PNIPAM microgels were explored from two aspects, macroscopic and microscopic. This comprehensive experiment is based on the research of cutting-edge topics, which is helpful to cultivate students' ability of integrating theory with experiment and applying knowledge to practice, as well as to train students' awareness of interdisciplinary integration.

Antiviral drug is a powerful weapon for humans to defeat the virus. The spread of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) outbreak has a serious impact on the world. At the same time, it also makes people aware of the importance of antiviral drug development. This article reviews the application of the phosphoramidate prodrug strategy and the application of ProTide technology in the development of antiviral drugs. The synthesis methods of nucleoside-phosphoramidate prodrugs are introduced. The application of nucleoside-phosphoramidate in different antiviral drugs is also summarized. This review can provide a reference for the development of new antiviral drugs in the future.

To adapt to the needs of the development of new technology and new business forms, enhance the students' ability of innovation knowledge transformation and innovation and entrepreneurship, and promote the technological development and industrial upgrading of Liaoning Province and fine chemical industry, our university has established an innovation and entrepreneurship training system to meet the requirements of emerging engineering talents training, according to the professional advantages, regional characteristics and the social needs. The orientation of applied chemistry major, personnel training objectives, teaching mode, platform construction, innovation and entrepreneurship education have been systematically designed and comprehensively reformed, and some achievements and experiences have been achieved.

As one of alkali metal elements, beryllium has attracted much attention because of its unique nature. With an anthropomorphic tone, the article briefly introduces the abnormal chemical properties of beryllium and its applications in alloys, medical treatments, gemstones and other fields in recent years.

Through the introduction of several kinds of polymer materials which play an important role in COVID-19 epidemic prevention, the basic knowledge of the related polymers is popularized. In particular, the unique long-chain structure and excellent properties different from small molecular materials, including light weight, flexibility, easiness in processing, easy regulation of properties, are introduced.

Due to the outbreak of Corona Virus disease (COVID-19), online teaching has played an important role in "teaching and learning without suspension". Due to the space-time separation, the course ideology and politics of organic chemistry are not as effective as that by face-to-face communication. In order to improve the ideological and political teaching effect of online teaching, this paper explored the case design and specific strategies teaching based on the practices of "brain-based, brain-adapted and brain-promoting" in ideological and political teaching of organic chemistry.

Analytical chemistry laboratory plays a very important role in basic chemistry laboratory teaching. With the development of scientific research, the status of instrument analysis has been promoted, and the status of quantitative analysis laboratory in basic teaching has been greatly impacted. This paper introduces the reform and achievements of the laboratory of analytical chemistry in our university in recent years.

Gemini surfactants contain two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic groups connected by a linkage close to the hydrophilic groups. Gemini surfactants have lower critical micelle concentration, higher surface activity, greater efficiency in decreasing the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension between water and oil, and better water solubility than conventional surfactants. Gemini surfactants are widely used as sterilizing, bacteriostatic, anti-foaming, and drug release agents in various enterprises including food production and industrial cleaning. They, therefore, play a very important social, economic, and industrial role. This paper briefly summarizes gemini surfactant development, structure, self-assembly, activity, classification, and characteristics, as well as focuses on the antibacterial mechanisms of these compounds. It is expected that the antibacterial properties of gemini surfactants may help slow the spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV).

Colleges and universities are the cradle of cultivating talents and the important position of moral cultivation. This paper conducts teaching exploration and practice from the perspective of courses for ideological and political education, mining the ideological and political elements of laboratory courses, designing laboratory teaching projects, building a bridge between ideological and political education and curriculum teaching, to achieve the goal of teaching and educating people.

Online teaching has been adopted by colleges and universities during the coronavirus disease outbreak. The problem for teachers and students is how to turn this crisis into an opportunity. Furthermore, it is important to ensure the quality of online teaching and explore new ways of teaching and learning. Therefore, a new form of online teaching of instrumental analysis course was developed using the combination of "SPOC + MOOC class + Tencent meeting + WeChat group." The practice of this new form of online teaching, that is, before class (guiding and helping), during class (teaching and studying), and after class (thinking and testing), shows a good teaching effect. In addition, it provides reference for online teaching.

Instrumental analysis is the eyes of all research fields. The instrumental analysis course is one of the main courses of university chemistry, and the learning of instrumental analysis course is related to the final output of all chemical disciplines. As an important part of effective teaching and learning, the assessment and feedback can not only evaluate the efficiency, but also guide how to improve teaching and learning. At present, the teaching and learning efficiency of instrumental analysis course is mainly evaluated by homework, classroom quizzes, mid-term and final exam results. The current assessment of instrumental analysis course has the problems of limited forms, the delayed feedback, and the poor interaction of "teaching" and "learning". This paper briefly introduces the reform and practice of effective assessment and feedback in instrumental analysis teaching of Boling class of Nankai University, mainly including three aspects: (1) strengthen the process feedback and let students summarize the points and rules; (2) let students become the center of effective assessment; and (3) carry out the item evaluation of literature reading.

This experiment elucidates a simple method for preparing and separating carbon quantum dots (CQDs), which were fabricated directly by using biological active substance of milk as the precursor and separated by adopting a new strategy of 'gradient extraction'. Furthermore, the relationship between the surface polarity of CQDs and their photoluminescence property are investigated. The aim of this experiment is to master hydrothermal synthesis and morphology characterization of nanomaterials, the principles and operations of analytical instruments including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the data treatment methods. The purpose of the experiment is to cultivate students' general scientific research abilities, expand their scope of knowledge, and improve comprehensive capabilities for resolving practical problems by using related knowledge, in addition to mastering basic knowledge and laboratory skills.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has enabled scientists around the world to work on the areas such as prevention of virus spread, virus inactivation, and vaccine preparation. Based on the development of nanotechnology, the emergence of some nanomaterials provides some excellent solutions to overcome the virus pandemic: by spraying nano-coating, the masks and protective clothing in medical institutions can be self-sterilized; by adding nano-adjuvants, vaccines can produce stronger responses to antigen of lower doses; by wrapping with nanocarriers, drugs can escape the monitoring of the immune system so as to obtain better antiviral effects. The unique chemical properties of some nanomaterials indicate the broad prospects in future applications. In conclusion, nanomaterials will play an important role in combating COVID-19 and the future anti-viral pandemics.

The phenomenon of green fading while cooking vegetables is explained scientifically in this paper. Why most vegetables are green? What kind of physiological and chemical changes occurs to the vegetables during heating? How to prevent the green fading while cooking vegetables in daily life? All these questions are discussed in detail. A series of scientific experiments in home lab are also designed to keep green while cooking vegetables. The results indicate that vegetables might keep green via pretreatment with proper amount of salt or oil in the boiling water, or cooking without the lid covering the pot.

At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating, which has put forward higher requirements for the discipline of new energy science and engineering with typical interdisciplinary characteristics. On the background of emerging engineering education, the "new energy science and engineering" discipline is building at Nankai University to cater for the development of renewable energy and to explore the strategies of talent cultivation. The models for talent training, settings of new curriculum system, and forms of teaching practice are presented. The goal is to promote the extension of applied science towards engineering and to foster the cultivation of talents in the new energy field with broad interdisciplinary science-technology horizon and strong practical ability.

In order to solve the issues of traditional teaching methods in the undergraduate basic theory course, the blended learning mode was put forward by taking analytical chemistry as an example. With concept of student-centered, personalized teaching, together with assistant means, was introduced to achieve the breakthrough in solving the problems. We hope to reinforce the adaptability and targeting of the course teaching.

In the context of building innovative and higher educational powerful country, the theory research and practice of emerging engineering education (3E) are carried out in China. Depending on the first-class disciplines of chemistry, chemical engineering and materials, the curriculum system of fine chemicals 3E major is constructed in ECUST: thick foundation of scientific chemistry; strong integration of multidisciplinary modules such as biomedical, molecular engineering, functional molecular engineering, engineering foundation and chemical engineering; emphatical innovational curriculum. The system will serve to train talents with thick foundation, strong engineering ability and higher comprehensive quality, thus an ECUST model of 3E construction can be formed in the context of double first-class discipline construction, which may be helpful for other majors to construct 3E courses.

The reform of curriculum system and teaching contents are the key contents in construction of emerging engineering education (3E). Based on the requirements of 3E for cultivating talents in universities especially in local comprehensive universities and better adaption to the development trend of Yunnan's economics and the needs of industrial transformation and upgrading, this paper puts forward an idea of "one core-two improvements-three integrations" in curriculum system reform. In order to realize the transformation of the pharmaceutical engineering major in Yunnan University from traditional engineering education to 3E, a new curriculum system of "three levels-four modules" has been constructed, and the teaching contents have been reformed through multiple approaches.

The 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to two female scientists, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, to recognize their seminal contribution to the invention of CRISPR technology for genome editing. CRISPR system enables new generation of gene editing through RNA-based recognition of double-stranded DNA. Empowered by its high efficiency, accuracy and programmability, CRISPR technology has revolutionized modern biology, and has been widely applied in basic research, gene therapy, animal and plant breeding. Here, we briefly introduce the discovery of CRISPR system and the scientific stories behind, and discuss the on-going development and future directions of many gene-editing related technologies.

A Galvanic cell was designed based on the acid-base neutralization reaction by undergraduates according to the electrochemical theory in physical chemistry. By carrying out the comprehensive experiments, the learning interest of undergraduates on physical chemistry was inspired. The understanding on the principle of electrochemistry was enhanced. In addition, the undergraduates also established an intuitive understanding on scientific research by combining the experiments with the theory. It is helpful to broaden the academic horizons of the undergraduates and strengthen their ability to apply theoretical knowledge to practice. The work is a beneficial exploration to innovate the teaching mode of physical chemistry.

Fully understand the chemical science and reasonable use of existing resources is an important premise to chemical science popularization. This paper summarizes the current resource types of popular science of chemistry in China. The chemical science resources in China are sorted out and analyzed, including China Association for Science and Technology of chemical science, popular science base of scientific research institutes and universities, scientific public class and the chemical science online open courses, and WeChat public platform chemical resources. This paper will provide a meaningful introduction of chemical science resources for the public, and provide valuable reference for the practice of chemical science in China.

As a national first-class applied chemistry major construction university, how to deeply pay attention to the initial intention of undergraduate major construction, combine the characteristics of professional development and regional advantages, and do a good job of national first-class major construction has become the main task in the following three years of construction. Although some experience in the construction of the first-class undergraduate construction of applied chemistry has been accumulated, some unavoidable problems need to be solved. In view of the existing problems, it is necessary to explore and build a national first-class specialty of applied chemistry and form a scientific and systematic development plan, which will greatly promote the development of applied chemistry and provide a good reference for the construction of other disciplines in the region.

This article describes a dream of Little R visiting the 'Chiral Molecule Museum'. It introduces the structure of chiral molecules, the experiment to demonstrate the existence of chiral molecules-experiments on the separation of optical isomers of sodium ammonium tartrate by Pasteur, the two enantiomers of limonene; chiral drug thalidomide, and asymmetric catalysis.

As the emerging renewable energy, biomass energy is the fourth largest energy next to coal, oil and natural gas. Alkyl levulinates are high value-added products obtained from biomass resources, which are an important class of chemical intermediates and new energy chemicals. The application of alkyl levulinates is very broad and has potential commercial value. This article introduces the physicochemical properties and uses of levulinates, together with three synthetic methods and reaction mechanism for preparing alkyl levulinates using biomass resources as raw materials. Finally, the deficiencies of alkyl levulinates production and application is analyzed, and the development trend of the future development and utilization of alkyl levulinates is provided.