After the discovery in 2007, polydopamine has drawn much attention to the field of surface modification of the materials. This paper reviews the discovery process of polydopamine and its formation reactive mechanism, which further illustrates the application status of polydopamine in the field of sensing, cancer photothermal therapy, and catalysis, and the outlook of future research and applications.

Preparation of acetylsalicylic acid is one of the classic experiment in organic chemistry laboratory in many universities. The relevant textbooks and literatures generally believe that the by-product of the experiment is the polymer of salicylic acid. Based on the standard preparation method, this study collects the by-product and identifies the structure by means of thin layer chromatography, IR spectra, ¹H NMR and melting test. The result shows that the by-product is acetylsalicylic anhydride instead of the polymer of salicylic acid. The paper discusses the reasons for the presence of acetylsalicylic anhydride, providing the scientific basis for the accurate transmission of knowledge in preparing acetylsalicylic acid in laboratory teaching. The paper is intended to cultivate students' critical thinking and innovative spirit and, in the long run, to improve the teaching quality.

Charge density difference (CDD) can investigate the charge redistribution of molecules, clusters and solid materials, as well as the interaction between molecules and solid materials, which has been widely used in electronic structure analysis. Based on the authors' theoretical research and teaching practice of "application of density functional theory in chemistry research", the authors found that the calculation methods and results of charge density difference vary along with the different research objectives. According to the research objectives, the charge density difference can be divided into atom-based, fragment-based, specific object-based and spin density. If one can't understand the concept correctly and establish a reasonable model, it is hard to get the correct electronic structure information. In the present work, authors systematically sort out the types, calculation methods and applicable research system of CDD calculation. Base on the teacher's explanation and demonstration, students' practice, as well as exploratory homework, students can understand and master the electronic analysis method of charge density difference, which provides important support for teaching and scientific research.

Copper is one of the essential trace elements in human. It plays an indispensable role in a variety of physiological activities, including electron transport, mitochondrial functions, and the activity of many enzymes. Either deficiency or excess of copper can cause serious or even fatal harm. Therefore, the uptake, intracellular distribution and metabolism of copper are strictly regulated. Disruption of the homeostasis of copper can lead to anemia, Wilson's disease and Menkes' disease, and seriously affects the brain functions. Recent researches reveal that copper is also associated with the tumor growth and the immune system. This article reviews the biological functions of copper, the function of copper proteins, and the transport and storage mechanisms of copper, and also summarizes the relationship between copper and diseases.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a common method to analyze the structure of organic compounds, and it is also one of the important contents in the course of organic spectrum analysis. This paper introduces the idea of ¹H NMR analysis, combining theory with three examples of scientific research practice, using ¹H NMR to identify the structure of isomers in organic synthetic products, and determine the proportion of isomers by the integral area of peak group, in order to cultivate students' scientific literacy, stimulate students' interest in learning and improving the ability of spectrum analysis.

Nanozymes is a kind of nanomaterial with natural enzyme activity. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages of simple preparation, low cost, high stability, and easy storage. Since Academician Yan Xiyun, a Chinese scientist, first discovered that Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles had peroxidase-like activity in 2007, the research on nanozymes has been rising rapidly. Nanozymes can simulate natural enzymes to achieve catalytic reactions in the physiological environment or in vivo, improve the tumor microenvironment, and achieve tumor treatment by generating reactive oxygen species.

In this paper, a section of "buffer solution" was selected. The recessive ideological and political education elements are permeated in many aspects, including introduction, experiment, buffering mechanism part and application. These are proposed based on the analyses of the students' learning situation and teaching evaluation. Therefore, the importance of the recessive ideological and political education is further proposed. At the same time, curriculum ideological and political classroom to the same peer is also cleared.

This study explains the process of calculating BET parameters and obtaining BET areas from experimental data. Furthermore, five mathematical relationships that should be followed among the BET parameters are discussed. This paper also introduces the derivation of the experimental standard deviation and briefly touches upon evaluating the uncertainty in measurements, along with their conclusive application to BET measurements. Finally, the paper emphasizes on providing insights on using the BET model to analyze Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and other materials.

Polarization effect plays an important role in electrochemistry. The content arrangement in the traditional textbooks, however, always makes college students feel that the polarization effect is unreasonable for many aspects, particularly in the field of energy storage and transformation. They often intend to think that it is best to eliminate or reduce the polarization effect. However, just as one coin has two sides, the existence of polarization effect is double-edged. The reasonable application of polarization effect is introduced in this paper. The examples of application of polarization effect can make college students understand that advantages and disadvantages depend, and reasonable using the polarization effect can bring a significant amount of revenue.

The nomenclature of organic compounds is an important component in the teaching of organic chemistry, in which nitrogenous compounds occupy a considerable proportion. In this paper, the nomenclature of nitrogenous compounds based on "Nomenclature of Organic Compounds-2017" is explained to assist teachers and students master the new version of organic compounds nomenclature in the teaching and learning of organic chemistry, and realize the rapid transition of the nomenclature rules.

Vitamin B₁₂ research process contains rich ideological and political elements. Based on exploring the discovery of vitamin B₁₂, the mechanism of treatment of pernicious anemia, VB₁₂ structure determination, artificial synthesis and biosynthesis, five ideological and political elements were condensed in this article, such as promoting traditional Chinese medicine, benefiting mankind with science, teamwork, perseverance and innovative spirit. It is expected to bring beneficial enlightenment for the development of course ideological and political education in related professional courses.

The integration of the professional knowledge and the ideological content is the key and difficulty of course ideology and politics in the specialized courses of science and engineering. Based on the teaching practices of chemical engineering thermodynamics, this article proposes four unique teaching methods of course ideology and politics and makes a detailed explanation through examples. With using these teaching methods, the ideological and political elements were successfully integrated into the professional course to produce the synergy effects. As a result, some outstanding teaching achievements have been made.

Biomineralization is an important biological process of organisms to produce organic-inorganic composites with hierarchical structures, where the biological matrix plays a predominant role in the regulation of nucleation, orientation, growth, and self-assembly of inorganic materials. According to the principle of biomineralization, bionic organic-inorganic composites with well-defined structure and excellent properties can be thus synthesized under a biomatrix-mediated process. Intriguingly, it is now possible to obtain new functionalized organisms by means of biomimetic mineralization through synergistic integration of structure and function of both materials and organisms, which has become an emerging direction. This review first introduces the basic theory and phenomenon of biological mineralization in nature. Then, by introducing the structure and function of biological minerals, we propose the concept of biomimetic construction of new functional life, and systematically introduce the methods involving the construction of new material-organisms hybrid. On this basis, such biomineralization-based engineering strategy provides a new way to produce materials-organisms hybrids as new life forms, and shows immense potentials in environmental protection, energy, medicine and other fields. Finally, the limitations and problems existing in this field are discussed, and promising prospects of intelligent construction of materials-organisms hybrids are also presented. We believe the biomineralization-based engineering of organisms can promote the continuous fusion of disciplinary boundaries and provide a new development direction in the fields of materials science, chemical biology, bioinorganic chemistry and medicine.

A simple kitchen science experiment was designed to prepare carbon quantum dots using kitchen waste as raw materials, avoiding the hydrothermal method which is currently widely used in laboratories. The experiment requires common kitchen appliances, utensils, and waste material like fruit peelings that are typically discarded; this experiment provides a safe way for kids to prepare carbon quantum dots at home under adult supervision. It can also be carried out for high school students and undergraduates, encouraging them to learn key concepts about carbon quantum dots by introducing related instrumentation as well as understand the applicability of such dots toward the detection of heavy metal ions. Through such experiments, we attempt to engage students in cutting-edge research through fun, simple and frugal kitchen science experiments and aim to refute the rumors of "quantum + life".

Applying scientific-issue-oriented education, the green synthetic process of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde was modified and applied as a fundamental organic experiment for oxidation reactions in undergraduate education. Selective oxidation of 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol was achieved in the presence of 0.1 mol% water-soluble 2-(1-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ylidene) acetic acid (TEMPO-COOH) and commercially available NaClO. The corresponding 2-nitrobenzaldehyde was obtained in 93% yield and > 99% purity. This newly designed experiment includes a series of basic organic experimentation techniques and the entire classic organic synthesis process, including reaction monitor, structure characterization, purity analysis and so on. Furthermore, the principle of green chemistry and the general way of methodology study in organic chemistry were integrated. Environmentally friendly and inexpensive starting materials, as well as the 3‒4 h experiment period, make this innovative experiment suitable for undergraduate education. Based on the experimental design, the corresponding micro-lecture concerning advances in oxidation was developed and incorporated into the education program. Thus, the collaboration of theoretical study and practical operation was achieved, improving the ability of undergraduates to solve complicated issues in organic synthesis and achieving high training quality.

The connection and fragmentation of carbon-carbon bond is always a hot topic in organic synthesis, and scientists have been finding different ways to achieve this goal. Many achievements have been made in this field. Grignard reaction and olefin metathesis reaction are the famous and typical ones. In particular, olefin metathesis provides a new way to connect sp² carbon and sp² carbon, which suits some active molecules. Therefore, the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three scientists who made outstanding contributions to olefin metathesis. This experiment is consisted of three reactions, including the improved Grignard reaction, DMAP-catalyzed esterification, and ring closing olefin metathesis cyclization. It is helpful to understand the process and mechanism of organic reactions and enjoy the charm of organic synthesis.

Gallium is located at the fourth period and the IIIA group. It plays a significant role in clinical diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Ga(Ⅲ) usually acts as a competitive inhibitor of Fe(Ⅲ) in organisms, as it shares most chemical characteristics except redox activity with Fe(Ⅲ). It can disrupt iron homeostasis in tumor or in microorganisms, thereby achieving antineoplastic or anti-microbial effects. In the aspect of cancer diagnosis and treatment, Ga(Ⅲ) can be taken up by cells through transferrin or independent transportation. On the one hand, its radioactive isotope (⁶⁷Ga or ⁶⁸Ga) concentrates in cancer tissues, realizing radiographic diagnosis of tumors. On the other hand, non-radioactive gallium kills cancer cells by inhibiting the normal function of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and causing mitochondrial oxidative stress. In terms of antibacterial activity, Ga competes with Fe in biochemical reactions which enables it to destroy biofilms of bacteria and cause their death. In this review, we introduce the application of gallium in antineoplastic and antibacterial fields with the chemical mechanism revealed. And the development of Ga-based drugs will also be expected.

The design principles of the experimental theory examination for the 12th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament were introduced. The problems with the competition and the analyses of the results were also provided.

The primary electrochemistry and colloid chemistry are the important components of physical chemistry for undergraduate students. On the basis of the nanostructured metal colloids system, a comprehensive chemistry experiment is proposed, which is about synthesis of nanostructured Ag/Au colloidal sols via the direct electrochemical reduction method with the assistance of a surfactant. In addition to the analysis of typical extinction via the UV-Visible spectroscopy, the cyclic voltammetry method is used to understand the effect of the surfactant and reveal the formation process of metal colloids. Such a comprehensive experiment is efficient to not only promote the understanding on the fundamental knowledge of electrochemistry and colloid chemistry, but also enhance the laboratory skill, which is adopted to the laboratory courses for the students majored in chemistry and related.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) is one of the new types of crystalline solid materials composed by organic building units through the intermolecular hydrogen bond (H-bond). They have attracted great attention in the field of proton conduction due to their characteristics of high crystallinity, adjustable pore size, low density, abundant and dense H-bonds. In line with the current research frontier, we prepared benzotriazolyl acetic acid-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF 1) through one-step method in water and determined its composition and structure by means of elemental analysis, infrared spectrum and powder X-ray diffraction. Then, its proton conductivity was measured at three relative humidity (75%, 85% and 98% RHs) and different temperature (60?100 ℃) by alternating current impedance method. The proton conduction mechanism can be deduced by calculation of activation energy. This chemistry experiment is appropriate in difficulty and its testing methods are diversified, which enables the students to know a scientific research frontier, improve their interests in scientific research and stimulate their enthusiasm for scientific research, thus increase their confidence in scientific research in the future.

Aiming at the unspecified problem that the number of electrons provided by a halogen, oxygen group, and other p-group non-metallic elements as coordination atoms is 1, 0 etc. in VSEPR theory, this article focuses on explaining the numbers using mathematical formula and presents a simplified method for calculating the valence electron pairs using calculation rules for the central and coordination atoms. This article specifically presents a new method to analyze the hybrid type of organic small molecules with a chain structure using the deducted calculation rules. Furthermore, it discusses how the outermost s-electrons of the long-period p-group non-metallic elements impact the total number of valence electrons via the penetration effect and the mutual influence of multiple bonds to compare the bond angles of covalent molecules using the differences in the electronegativity. This method is expected to be a useful supplement to the application of VSEPR theory.

The conception of point group of molecules is one of the core contents in chapter of molecular symmetry of structural chemistry course. It is also one of the basic theories to understand the strucutral symmetry of molecules and the relationship between their structures and molecular properties. Therefore, it is of importance to master the identification method of point group of molecules based on their symmetric elements in structures. This paper compared the identification processes of point group of molecules in different structural chemistry textbooks, discussed potential imperfections of classic identification process of point group of molecules, and proposed a modified identification process of point group of molecules, which could help undergradute and graduate students to know and understand the intention of point group of molecules.

University chemical experiment course is a comprehensive practical training link to train talents of materials, chemistry, chemical engineering and other majors to apply basic operation and theory to solve practical problems. This paper discusses the bottleneck of the current university chemical experiment development due to the large-scale, professional, high cost, fast update and other factors, designs the online and offline mixed experimental teaching mode, carries out the corresponding software and hardware construction, and carries out the reform and exploration of online and offline mixed experimental teaching mode. The teaching mode has good teaching effect, and can be copied and popularized, which provides a useful reference for the cultivation of innovative talents and the innovation of experimental teaching.

The Michael addition is an important reaction in organic chemistry, and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) can also catalyze the Michael addition as an organic catalyst. In this paper, the NHC-catalyzed Michael addition is described in detail, addition of the NHC to the aldehyde forms the Breslow intermediate with nucleophilicity, aldehydes undergo the umpolung from electrophilic to nucleophilic and react with the Michael acceptor. The NHC can also be used as Brønsted base to activate alcohols and undergo Michael addition reactions. The introduction of NHC-catalyzed Michael addition can enrich and extension the content of the Michael addition in undergraduate curriculum. It is also helpful for the students to understand the cutting-edge development of the discipline and stimulate students' interests in learning.

In this work, nanomaterial was introduced into titrimetric analysis. Firstly, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with negative charges were prepared by reducing chloroauric acid with sodium citrate. Then, based on localized surface plasmon resonance of AuNPs, a novel Fajans method was designed to detect chloride ion using gold nanoparticles as the adsorption indicator to indicate the titration endpoint. The results showed that the method could accurately determine millimole chloride ion. Moreover, the gold and silver in waste liquid can be recycled through complexation reaction, precipitation reaction and redox reaction, which can reduce the cost and pollution. Through the practice of this experiment, students will study the frontier of the nanomaterial, and their interest in scientific research will be stimulated. Furthermore, the scientific research ability will be cultivated. Finally, the application of green chemistry is promoted in teaching.

Biological sulfhydryl detection and protein labeling are critical in current scientific research. In this study, the traditional Ellman method and the newly developed Naph-EA-Mal fluorescent probe were used to quantify sulfhydryl groups in bovine serum albumin, thus giving students a better understanding of both traditional methods and cutting-edge technology. The content of sulfhydryl can be detected in situ through measuring the fluorescence intensity. In addition, students gain knowledge regarding the mechanism of thiol probes and the influence of the protein's three-dimensional structure on the reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups within the protein. The experiment covers basic technology of treating cells and different methods of treating biomacromolecules. These methods are comprehensive, modularized, and easy to implement. This lab course will help students obtain cutting-edge chemical biology knowledge. In addition, the experiments on the virtual experiment platform could further help students learn and understand the principles and operational methods used in this experiment.

Two types of photovoltaic cells, which are solid-state p-n junction photovoltaic cell and N719 dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell, can be fabricated in a general chemistry lab by simple chemical methods. Some basic chemical principles involved are also discussed for further expanding in upper-division curriculum.

Oxidation of alcohols is an important method to produce aldehydes and ketones, and is an important component in organic chemistry theory and practical teaching. Currently, oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone is commonly introduced in practical undergraduate textbooks. The only experiment designed for the preparation of aldehydes from primary alcohols in current practical textbooks is using the oxidant H₂O₂ for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde at 90 ℃ in the presence of a catalytic amount of Na₂WO₄·2H₂O/(C₄H₉)₄NHSO₄. However, this reaction has low-yields, potential safety issues, and concerns with environmental pollution. Here, we present a practical alternative reaction involving the mixed catalytic system of Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, 4-hydroxy-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-piperidinooxy (4-OH-TEMPO), and acetic acid (HOAc). This reaction allowed for a highly selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with an isolated yield of up to 91% using O₂ as the oxidant and H₂O as the solvent under mild conditions. This new strategy for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols is a low-cost, and more importantly, highly efficient and green strategy. Additionally, several techniques such as thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, flash preparative liquid chromatography, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy were used to detect and purify products, to improve experimental techniques, and to enhance the scientific literacy of undergraduate students.

Under the new situation of education development, curriculum ideological and political education in colleges and universities faces new demands and challenges. Based on the view of students and the characteristics of chemistry science, this paper discusses the ideological and political problems in university chemistry, and proposes a number of corresponding solutions. In order to further promote the course ideology and politics, we should consider the students' value demands and improve the pertinence of the value orientation in the teaching contents; in the instructional evaluation, we should set up the communication channels between teachers and students, improve the accuracy of the evaluation activities, and enhance students' recognition of the course ideology and politics. As for the students, delivering the teaching content effectively can be achieved by changing students' learning motivation.

Photochemical reactions are ubiquitous in our daily life. The cyanotype is a typical application of photochemical reactions to promote social development; it is generally well received due to its indefectible blue color. We have designed a popular science experiment program for three different age groups based on the photochemical reaction characteristics of the cyanotype. This program launches popular science content contrapuntally and includes making cyanotype photos, explaining the concept and principles of photochemical reactions, and carrying out UV protection experiments. To enhance the connection with life, we also creatively expanded the cyanotype-ultraviolet experiment to intuitively show participants the principles and effects of ultraviolet light. These experiments are easy to operate, safe, and environmentally friendly. In addition, the experimental results are very attractive, ornamental, and artistic, and are easy to understand, accept, and participate in. At the same time, they can stimulate participants' interest in learning chemistry and describe how chemistry can improve life.

For chemistry experimental teaching, using the common medicine in daily life as the experimental object can greatly arouse students' interest in chemistry learning. Nasalcare is a commonly commercial nasal detergent which mainly contains sodium chloride, citric acid and sodium citrate, representing a typical mixture of inorganic substances and organic substances. In this paper, a quantitative analysis method for the composition analyses of Nasalcare is designed, and the rationality is verified by experiments. This work is anticipated to provide the methodological guidance for the involvement of compositional analyses of Nasalcare experiment into the university analytical chemistry experiment class. Through this experiment, students can not only master the basic laboratory skills, such as constant weight of crucible and precipitation titration, but also have a better understanding of the method of quantitative analysis of data.

Synthesis and investigation of the chemiluminescence of Luminol is a valuable educational and pedagogical tool. In recent years, a few domestic universities started offering this experiment to undergraduate students. To further enrich the scientific and theoretical understanding of the synthetic and chemiluminescent process, we have improved the existing experiments in several ways. First, we introduced mechanical stirring, sulfur-mediated reduction, and microwave chemistry in the synthesis portion to achieve safe, rapid, and efficient preparation of high purity Luminol. Second, we introduced the Luminol/H₂O₂/SCN⁻/Cu²⁺/OH⁻ system for chemiluminescence oscillation, which involves applying important concepts such as kinetics, autocatalysis, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and dissipative structures. Finally, to achieve real-time quantitative monitoring of the light intensity and frequency of the chemiluminescence oscillating process, we designed a simple miniature magnetic stirring heating device, which can be used in conjunction with a fluorescence spectrometer. Students can design comparison experiments independently and explore the mechanism. This experiment involves combining several important multidisciplinary chemical concepts. The precise measurement of the chemiluminescence oscillating process has effectively captured the interest of students.

Inorganic chemistry is one of the basic core courses of the chemistry major in colleges and universities. This course has its own distinct characteristics and plays a significant role in the ideological cultivation and political education of university students in the field of chemistry. The ideological and political objectives of this course were clarified and elements in the course that can realize these objectives were identified. On this basis, the entire teaching process was carefully designed. During the following teaching practice, the ideological and political elements were organically integrated into the instruction of inorganic chemistry and the value guidance and education function improved. After integrating the ideological and political elements, the atmosphere of the inorganic chemistry classroom was further activated, the students' professional learning interest was stimulated, their horizons were broadened, and their moral sentiments were cultivated. As a result, the visibility and significance of inorganic chemistry was improved.

The inorganic and analytical chemistry experiments for the 12th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament were introduced. The results were summarized and the main problems in the experimental test were analyzed.

In recent years, the reformation of chemical experiment teaching has made great achievements. The current situation of the design of the new chemical experiments is analyzed. The direction of topic selection, design method, teaching practice and evaluation of the new experiments in the future are discussed. This paper is expected to have reference value for peers.

In chemistry, covalent bonds are divided into two categories: σ and π bonds. A σ bond can exist independently or concurrently with π bonds, as found in multiple bonds. In contrast, textbooks indicate that all π bonds are accompanied by a σ bond. Is it possible for π single bonds to exist independently? Although there are few references, recent studies have shown that compounds that contain a π single bond do exist. Herein, we review the research progress and characteristics of independent π single bonds.

In the teaching process of inorganic element chemistry laboratory, "the cultivation of ability to find beauty" in the connotation of "aesthetic education" was taken as an integrating point. In pursuit of beautiful experimental results, students had a sense of achievement, and then trained and improved their own basic laboratory skills spontaneously. This was the transfer role of aesthetic education. Students would continue to discover more "beauty" in other experiments after the reaction principle of "cocktail" was explored. Therefore, they could develop the quality of circumspection, patience and perseverance gradually. At the same time, under the background of new National Matriculation Test and new source of students, it would play a positive role and far-reaching influence on freshmen's cognition of major and professional identity due to the improvement of chemistry learning interest.

For better integration with the international nomenclature, the principles for naming organic compounds in Chinese have been revised and supplemented in the book Principles for Naming Organic Compounds 2017. To help readers effectively learn the new naming principles, this paper considers various compounds in basic organic chemistry and briefly summarizes the revised naming principles by comparing the old and new versions with a range of examples.

The most favored anti-conformation of ethane would turn into gauche-conformation when the vicinal hydrogen atoms are replaced by two fluorine atoms. Such a switch shows how the gauche effect impacts the relative conformation of organic molecules. Herein, we briefly survey the history of the gauche effect as well as its broad applications in organic synthesis. Particularly, we highlight the recent investigations on the related sulfur-fluorine gauche effect. With the aid of experiments, we confirmed that the sulfur-fluorine gauche effect could be easily regulated via the subtle change of positive charges on the sulfur atom. Such a positive interplay between scientific research and organic course teaching would profoundly help students to understand the basic concepts and advanced applications of the sulfur-fluorine gauche effect.

Based on the understanding of the thermochromic phenomenon and mechanism of some Co(II) compounds, the problem "situation" was created according to the situation. Namely, through vivid and intuitive demonstration experiments, students are guided to further understand the thermochromic phenomenon of some Cr(III) compounds and its influencing factors, and to explore and explain the thermochromic mechanism. It also furtherly cultivate the students' ability of observation, analysis, judgment, induction, reasoning, summary and exploration of laws and "critical" thinking.

Some colors in nature are structural colors with very fine structures at the micrometer or nanometer scale. These structural colors are usually shiny and change with the angle of view, such as the color of butterflies' wings, the color of birds' feathers, the surface of sea shell and beetle, etc. Due to the advantages of fastness, environmental friendliness, and iridescent effect, structural color has a broad application prospect in display, decoration and anti-counterfeiting fields. In this experiment, a green and simple method was used to obtain the monodisperse silica nanoparticles by simply mixing cheap and readily available ethyl orthosilicate with ammonia hydroxide. By changing the ethyl orthosilicate to ammonia hydroxide ratio, the particle size of silica nanoparticles can be tuned, so that suspension inks with different structural colors can be obtained. The resulted silica nanoparticles can be directly used for writing or drawing structural color patterns, and are expected to be used in low-cost color pigment preparation.

It is inaccurate to only predict the kinetic conditions of the reducing reagent and the thermodynamic stability of the resulting product during a reduction reaction. Other factors in the reaction need to be considered. Transition state theory can be used to comprehensively and accurately predict the stereoselectivity of the products formed during the reduction of substituted cyclohexanones. On the one hand, when the reducing agent attacks the carbonyl group to form a transition state, the steric hindrance and electronic effects determine the stereoselectivity of the reaction. On the other hand, the predominant conformation of the reactant, i.e., the torsional strain when the transition state is formed and the deflection angle relative to the standard cross conformation, cannot be ignored in regard to the stereoselectivity of the product. This article discusses the steric hindrance, electronic effects, and conformation during the formation of the transition state, and explains the stereoselectivity of the reduction products formed during the reduction of substituted cyclohexanones.

Morphine is a widely used painkiller and a drug that has caused great harm to the human society. This essay offers a brief introduction of the chemical structure, properties, discovery, applications, and identification methods of morphine in order to help readers gain a deeper understanding of this compound.

The Kelvin formula was taken as an example to discuss the application of new development concepts in physical chemistry teaching. The concept of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development is applied throughout the whole process of physical chemistry teaching and all the chapters of physical chemistry, which is further demonstrated by teaching design. It would promote the high-quality development of physical chemistry course, speed up the new pattern of physical chemistry curriculum construction in the new era, implement the new development concept, and play a demonstration role for the development of chemistry, science and even the entire higher education.

Culture is the soul of a nation. The progress in the field of science and technology also needs to draw strength from traditional culture. Therefore, establishing cultural self-confidence is an important way to build a powerful country in science and technology. As a comprehensive scientific and technological work in China in the 17th century, the book Heavenly Creations contains the summary of the chemical knowledge of the ancients in production practice and combines Chinese traditional culture and scientific concepts. This work extracts the chemical knowledge from the Heavenly Creations and the excellent traditional Chinese culture, which was integrated and introduced into the course of "chemistry and human civilization". This work is of great importance to the inheritance of science and technology and culture, especially in the students' minds to establish "scientific and technological culture confidence".

Zinc oxide is a usual additive in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In this experiment, ZnO content in prickly heat powder and skin ointment was determined by complexometric titration using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the titrant. With real-life pharmaceuticals as experimental materials, it could stimulate the students' interests in learning the applications of complexometric titrations in quality control. By comparing the experimental results with label information, the students could better understand and master the principle of complexometric titration, experimental operation and analysis of experimental results.

Based on the characteristics of general chemistry experiment course, this paper explored the joint point between the professional knowledge, as well as the ideological and political elements from three aspects of teaching goal design, laboratory teaching activity design, and teaching effectiveness evaluation. It outlined the implementation of ideological and political education in multiple dimensions, which allows students to develop the patriotism, scientific literacy, innovative consciousness, professional quality, social responsibility, dialectical thinking, and green developmental idea. By using laboratory teaching as the major approach, this practice integrated knowledge exploration, ability building and value shaping. The practice also pushed forward the important all-round education practices in the whole-process, so as to cultivate students to become the builders and successors of socialism in the new era with all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique, aesthetics and labor.

This paper illustrates a laboratory training experiment covering polymer chemistry, electrosynthesis and instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the temperature-responsive microgel is synthesized following e-ATRP via electrochemically active polymerization on a commercialized electrochemical reaction device, and then temperature-responsive property of the microgels is characterized by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and dynamic light-scattering. This experiment is based on the research of cutting-edge topics, allowing expanding to the synthesis of other polymers or using a variety of electrochemical technology, which is helpful to train the students' awareness of interdisciplinary integration thinking and environmental awareness, and to train the students' innovation ability.

Determination of the stoichiometric ratio and stability constants of iron(Ⅱ)-(1, 10-phenanthroline) complex via UV-Visible spectrophotometry is an important experiment in chemistry and related fields. Because laboratory conditions have been significant improved in recent times, the experimental procedure was optimized systematically in this study. The UV-Visible absorption spectra of the Fe(phen)₃²⁺ complex together with the free ligand were measured to determine the wavelength (λ) for the continuous variation methods. Meanwhile, frontier molecular orbital analysis of the complex provides clear visual evidence that the long-wavelength absorption band corresponds mainly to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. Additionally, the experiments could achieve reliable and unbiased results for the composition and stability constants by analyzing experimental data using the Origin software. It is expected that these improvements and optimizations in the stoichiometric and stability constant determination experiments could help students become acquainted with the scientific experimental method, which is a critical requisite for student learning and development.

The design idea for the organic chemistry experimental test for the 12th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament was interpreted. The problems with the competition were illustrated, and the test results were analyzed.

As the voltage standard used for a very long time, Weston standard cells have made great contributions to electrochemistry. They also appear in the college-level physical chemistry experiment "Reversible cell potential measurement of electrochemical cells using the compensation method". However, the content on standard cells in physical chemistry textbooks is relatively brief and students are prone to confusing amalgam and metal electrodes. Several aspects of standard cells are presented in this paper. The reactions occurring at the negative and positive electrode, as well as the overall reaction, the factors influencing the reversible cell potential have been analyzed using the Nernst equation. The stability of the reversible cell potential has been discussed in terms of the cell temperature coefficient. Moreover, the reversibility and role of amalgam electrodes have been clarified. The effect of the selection of standard cells on the measurement results has also been discussed. These make up for the shortcomings in teaching and teaching materials, and may provide reference for both peer teaching and student learning.

The recent improvements of several classical organic reactions are introduced, including Brønsted acid-catalyzed alkyne hydration, ammonia-free Birch reduction, amide synthesis via iodoform reaction, self-propagation mechanism for Beckmann rearrangement, and denitrogenative homocoupling of arenediazonium salts. These reactions are closely associated with the fundamental organic chemistry, and most of them are the original research results by Chinese chemists, which reflects the contributions of domestic scholars to the development of organic chemistry. The sorting out of these reactions is aimed to enrich and expand the teaching content of fundamental organic chemistry for junior undergraduates. It is also hoped that this paper could provide new teaching materials for ideological and political education in organic chemistry course, especially for patriotic education.

Structural chemistry is an important basic course for chemistry related majors. In order to cultivate students' modern chemical scientific literacy, we have deeply explored the ideological and political elements in the course of structural chemistry, and redesigned some teaching contents. By integrating the scientific literacy of modern chemistry with ideological and political teaching, we can cultivate students' correct scientific attitude and sense of social responsibility, and promote students to deeply realize that chemistry has made great contributions to the creation of material and spiritual wealth. Through the teaching enlightenment and teaching practice of ideological and political elements in structural chemistry, this paper focuses on three aspects: situational teaching as an important ideological and political teaching method, the achievements of Chinese scientists in structural chemistry as ideological and political materials, and the scientific research achievements of structural chemistry in recent years as the core of course ideology and politics, so as to help students form the key competencies and essential qualities needed for future chemical development.

Raman Spectroscopy is an important characterization technique due to its ability to provide fingerprint information about materials. The experiment starts with instructive measurements on sample from scientific research. Undergraduate students can not only obtain a deep understanding of the principles of Raman spectroscopy but also gain a sense of discovery characteristic of real research experiences. The striking results could successfully pique the students' interests, which motivate students to investigate more detailed explorations in this area. The students were provided opportunity to "discover" the phenomena by a careful analysis of sample based on their interests, which allows the students to become familiar with operation and data analysis process. Therefore, the experiment could effectively improve students' learning initiative and research skills, which have excellent pedagogical value.

The biological nanopore technique is a revolutionary single-molecule electrochemical method. The single-molecule sequencing of DNA was accomplished following rapid developments over the last three decades, and has been extensively applied in the single-molecule sensing of biomolecules, including peptides and proteins. This paper discusses the importance of introducing nanopore-based single-molecule experiments into university classrooms and expounds on the specific content and implementation model for teaching. This innovative experimental course adopts the teaching mode of "integration of science and education" for second- and third-year undergraduates with some background in chemistry and biochemistry. The teaching plan has been carefully designed and is continuously being optimized according to teaching practices. We integrated the latest achievements in nanopore electrochemistry and related interdisciplinary fields into classroom teaching to expand students' horizons and stimulate their interests in scientific research. In addition, students were encouraged to collaborate on experimental assignments and brainstorm, which could help cultivate their academic thinking capability and comprehensive innovation ability.

We discuss in detail the meaning of "parent hydride" and "characteristic group", two terms used in organic chemistry. Through numerous examples, we demonstrate that nomenclature based on parent hydrides is superior in terms of convenience, systematization, and clarity. We also propose that "characteristic group" is a more accurate term than the commonly used "functional group" because each atom can only be described once.

STEM is a type of educational concept based on multi-disciplinary integration of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, which has become a focus of international education research and reform. It aims to cultivate the students' ability of asking, analyzing and solving problems, and stimulate students' spirit of scientific exploration and innovative thinking by merging the multidisciplinary knowledge. In this paper, educational concept of STEM is introduced into the course of analytical chemistry experiment teaching, and a new teaching mode of analytical chemistry experiment course is explored. It is advocated to take students as the center and take real problems as the guide to cultivate students' scientific exploration and practice ability. Students can independently complete a series of analytical chemistry experiment via resorting relevant courses theory, experimental scheme design, experimental process and result analysis. A new teaching mode of analytical chemistry experiment is investigated from three aspects including course content, teaching methods and assessment methods, so as to improve the teaching quality of analytical chemistry experiments and students' learning interest and scientific literacy.

The nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents with carbonyl compounds is a classical reaction to construct C-C bonds, which is frequently accompanied by side-reactions, mainly including the enolization and reduction of carbonyl compounds. To explore the molecular mechanism of these three reactions, quantum chemical calculations were performed on the reaction of ethylmagnesium bromide (EtMgBr) with diisopropyl ketone (CO(iPr)₂), a prototypical reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl compounds. It is found that diethyl magnesium (MgEt₂) obtained from the Schlenk equilibrium of EtMgBr, is more active toward CO(iPr)₂ than EtMgBr, which is generally described as the virtual active species in the textbook. The diethylether is shown to play a substantial role in the reactivity, especially in favor of nucleophilic addition reaction. The calculated energy barriers of the three reactions can rationalized the experimentally observed main product to by-products yield ratio.

Chromic materials are widely used in aerospace, energy and chemical industries, food, national defense, and scientific research. Viologen compounds (N-substituted 4,4’-bipyridine quaternary ammonium salts) are an important class of chromic materials that exhibit rich chromic properties under external stimuli, such as light, electricity, and temperature. This innovative fundamental chemistry experiment was designed based on scientific frontier results of viologen compounds. The o-hydroxyacetophenone substituted viologen was synthesized, and its solvatochromism, thermochromism, and reversible NH₃ vapor sensor in the solid state were studied, aiming to stimulate students’ curiosity and desire for exploration, cultivate students’ interest in chemistry, broaden their horizons, and improve their chemistry cognition. The raw materials for this experiment are simple and easy to obtain, the synthesis method is simple, and the reaction time is short with high yield and good repeatability. All chromic phenomena are fast, highly sensitive, and can be directly observed with the naked eye, which aids the application of these experiments.

The development of chemistry in China has a long history, and Chinese chemists have played a great role in promoting the development of chemistry in China and even in the world. Based on the communication between two college students and their journey back to ancient times, this paper describes the main achievements and innovative spirit of several outstanding Chinese chemists in modern and ancient times. It aims to stimulate teenagers' national pride and self-confidence, and cultivate the correct sense of responsibility and patriotism.

From molecules to cells, the energy demand is ubiquitous in our society. Synthesis and utilization of high-energy chemicals is a major challenge scientifically and economically. The current chemical synthesis of high-energy compounds often generates pollution and consumes a lot of energy. With the existence of by-products, it's hard to separate target products. Compared to chemical synthesis, biosynthesis is considered environmentally friendly and cost-effective energy, and is in accord with the Carbon Neutralization goal. Biosynthesis of high-energy chemicals is one of the fastest growing fields. This article will choose 4 chemicals, in terms of energy source, energetic materials and bio-high-energy compounds, to briefly introduce the correspondent biosynthesis pathway and key metalloenzyme.

In this study, a convenient and interactive tin electrolysis device was developed for science popularization based on science demonstration technology. After switching on the experimental device, participants can directly observe the rapid growth of tin crystals in the electrolyte at the cathode and the occurrence of many bubbles and color changes in the solution at the anode. Thus, they can experience the beauty and fun of chemistry. The speed of tin crystal precipitation can be changed by adjusting the voltage of the DC power supply, and the current direction can be changed by the current direction switch. A LED display shows the current direction so that participants can intuitively understand its influence on the direction of tin crystal precipitation and the color changes in the anode solution. Participants can also easily understand the basic principles of electrolysis. After the tin crystal growth is completed, AB glue is added, fixing the beautiful tin crystals from electrolysis as a pendant or as another decorative element to be kept as a souvenir. This forms good memories for participants and achieves a good science popularization effect. The equipment used in this experiment is simple, and the cost is low. It can also be used as a basic experimental project in the general chemistry course at the university level or as an exploration experiment for senior high school students.

Course ideology and politics needs to combine the characteristics of discipline development while meeting the needs of education. This article introduces the phased achievements of the organic chemistry bilingual teaching team of Nanjing University in the course ideological and political reform, and discusses the necessity of introducing the achievements of Chinese organic chemists into the basic organic chemistry teaching class. It will play a positive role in enhancing culture self-confidence, improving learning interests, shaping scientific spirit and quality and cultivating patriotism.

Oxygen is instrumental in human life and production. Through garden activities, this article introduces the basic properties of oxygen and its compounds and their application in life and production, to enable readers to understand oxygen and its compounds in a lively way.

The design ideas and experimental test for the physical chemistry experiment for the 12th National Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory Tournament were introduced. The problems with the tournament were also analyzed.

In order to introduce the concept of visualized experiment into basic laboratory teaching and to enhance the exercise on esterification, comprehensive improvement was made on the preparation of ethyl acetate. In this experiment, acetic acid reacts with ethanol to produce ethyl acetate in the presence of sodium bisulfate and allochroic silica gel, and the endpoint of the reaction is vidually indicated by methyl violet discoloration. This design of the reaction circumvents the problems of limited reagents and carbonization. The conversion was measured by gas chromatography, and the result showed that acetic acid was almost completely turned into the target product; the structure of the product was confirmed by ¹H NMR. This experiment allows students to have a feel of the dynamic process of esterification by the discoloration of methyl violet with the increased acidity of the reaction system. Consequently, it can enhance students' interests in learning organic chemistry, enliven their thinking and improve their study efficiency.

In the teaching process of "elemental chemistry experiments", freshmen may have some "abnormal" experimental results that deviate from the expected results or theoretical analysis due to the lack of consideration of the effects of temperature, catalyst, acidity, concentration or reagent dosage. Herein, some "abnormal" phenomena encountered by students in Mn elemental chemistry experiments are analyzed and summarized. The vivid and intuitive experimental demonstrations guide students to explore the possible causes of "abnormal" phenomena, to intuitively understand the effect of reaction conditions on the outcome of the reaction and to cultivate the students' ability of observation, analysis, judgment, induction, reasoning, and practical problem-solving.

Based on the excellent performance of blue and white porcelain at the beauty pageant, the main components and function of blue and white porcelain, its source and coloration mechanism, the modern synthetic methods of blue and white materials, and the identification methods of blue and white porcelain are introduced through personification to explain the chemistry of blue and white porcelain in a way that is interesting to readers and that conveys the charm and spirit of craftsmanship.

In view of the developing trend in the field and course characteristics of instrumental analysis, we analyzed the problems existing in its instruction in recent years. To solve these problems, ideas for reforming the content, teaching mode, examination, and evaluation standards are proposed. By improving and updating the theoretical content of modern instrumental analytical chemistry and promoting quality of teaching, students can master the basics to excel professionally. Simultaneously, ideological and political elements should be integrated into the content to comprehend the educational function of professional courses.

In view of the existing problems of laboratory teaching in the cultivation of innovative talents, this paper introduces the reform and practice on laboratory teaching of physical chemistry at the School of Chemistry, Beihang University. Online teaching is flexible and not limited by space and time, and offline teaching aims at cultivation of operating ability and scientific literacy. We carried out online and offline integrated research-oriented teaching, including progressive teaching content design, personalized experimental operation guidance and training, scientific research paper report summary, topic presentation and discussion. By combining theoretical methods, virtual operation, practical training and summary discussion, giving full play to the advantages of teachers' guidance and students' main body, multi-dimensional cultivation and improvement of students' scientific literacy, innovative thinking and comprehensive innovation ability, this reform provides beneficial reference for improving the quality of laboratory teaching and promoting the cultivation of innovative talents.

To train the patriotism, dialectical materialism and scientific literacy of the students, ideology and politics construction in structural chemistry curriculum is explored based on the teaching practice. We extensively excavate the elements of ideology and politics contained in structural chemistry curriculum, and carefully design teaching model to naturally integrate them into the teaching process.

The effect of state parameters on Throttling Expansion is less investigated in the current tutorials of physical chemistry. Therefore, Joule-Thomson coefficient containing p, V_m was rudimentarily discussed based on van der Waals gas. Taking Nitrogen gas as an example, 3D μ_J-T-p-T profile and 2D contour map were further plotted by converting independent variables p, V_m into p, T by means of van der Waals equation to reflect the dependence of μ_J-T on p, T more intuitively.

Esterases (serine proteases) were used in organisms to catalyze the hydrolysis of many compounds containing esters, amides, thioesters, or acetyl groups. In vivo, esterases play an important role in the regulation of physiological events and the hydrolysis or activation of various drugs and in many pathological events (such as liver cancer), which may be closely related to its unique detoxification function. Therefore, the development of a new and effective esterase detection platform is of great significance for biological and medical research. Compared with traditional methods, fluorescent probes have many advantages such as high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid response, low cost, and easy operation. Therefore, fluorescent probes can be applied for esterase detection. Herein, the research status and latest progresses of esterase fluorescent probes were introduced.

This paper analyzed some deficiencies in the current fine chemical laboratory teaching. In view of this, firstly, "curriculum ideological and political" was used to help students establish a correct outlook on life and profession; secondly, network resources were provided to enable students to study before class so as to spare more time for laboratory activity in the class; finally, we had made a preliminary reform on the fine chemical laboratory from experiment content, teaching method and assessment form. A better teaching effect has been achieved.

Curriculum system is the carrier of talent training. In order to better cultivate top-notch innovative talents, according to the characteristics and development tendency of chemistry discipline, a new experimental curriculum system of "Chemical Experiment Basis to Chemical Synthesis and Characterization plus Chemical Principle and Measurement to Experiments on Chemical Functional Molecules plus Comprehensive Experiments of Chemical Biology and Project-based Research Experiment" is constructed based on the internal connection and research law of scientific content in the National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education at Nanjing University. The experimental teaching content is optimized as requested by first-class curriculum construction (high order, innovation and challenge), and the corresponding experimental teaching platform is established. The new curriculum system comprehensively considers the integrity of the first-level discipline of chemistry and the intersections of related disciplines, and is implemented to the students of "National basic subject talent training plan" and "Strengthening basic disciplines plan" at the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, with remarkable teaching effect.

The Achmatowicz rearrangement reaction is an important organic reaction that is based on a unique oxidative rearrangement mechanism. The reaction is widely used in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and other fields, and its products are important fine chemicals that are widely used in the total synthesis of complex natural products. This article reviews the mechanism underlying the Achmatowicz rearrangement reaction and its research progress, including bromine and peroxidation and participation of high valence metal oxidants, photo promotion, and enzyme-catalyzed Achmatowicz rearrangement reaction. Moreover, the future development and opportunities in this field are discussed.

The new conronavirus outbreak in 2019 has mandated people to undergo home quarantine. Surveys have revealed that many people lack basic knowledge of disinfectants, thus failed to use disinfectants properly. In order to popularize the appropriate use of disinfectants to prevent epidemic diseases more effectively, this paper mainly introduces the properties, principles and applications of 84 disinfectant, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) and trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) from the perspective of a player in a mobile phone war game emphasizing the importance of disinfection time, concentration, usage and dosage in various settings.

A comprehensive chemical experiment is introduced. A new cationic polymer flocculant of starch grafted polyacrylamide was synthesized by graft polymerization and cationic modification. The structure was characterized and the application of polyacrylamide, starch grafted polyacrylamide and starch grafted polyacrylamide cationic flocculants in wastewater purification was investigated. This comprehensive experiment combines theory with practice, which helps to stimulate students' interest in learning, cultivate students' interdisciplinary thinking and the comprehensive ability to analyze and solve practical problems.

Based on the requirements for the cultivation of first-class innovative talents and the characteristics of analytical chemistry experiment course, this paper introduces how to integrate the concept of planning and management into the teaching of analytical chemistry experiment, so as to cultivate students' overall planning ability, expand the educational function of chemical experiment course, and realize both knowledge and skill teaching as well as comprehensive ability cultivation. Finally, the education concept for the cultivation of innovative talents will be implemented.

Analytical chemistry course is a very basic chemistry course with many theories and applications. In order to improve the students' study interests, develop the students' ability to analyze and solve problems, and enhance the interaction between teachers and students, we apply the Rain Classroom teaching mode in the whole teaching process of analytical chemistry course. The results show that the students' learning enthusiasm and exam scores have been highly improved by using Rain Classroom teaching, and thereby greatly promoting the teaching reform development of analytical chemistry course.

A 6-class comprehensive chemistry experiment was designed to introduce the research hotspot of photochromism, aiming to impart the organic synthesis, spectral analysis, and other related knowledge to students. In this experiment, the rhodamine 6G hydrazide salicylaldehyde Schiff base was synthesized through two steps. This molecule was then combined with zinc ion to obtain the rhodamine 6G hydrazide salicylaldehyde Schiff base zinc ion complex, which exhibits photochromic property. Students can learn about photochromic phenomena by observing the color and UV spectrum changes in the complex before and after UV light irradiation, both in solution and in solid substrates. This, combined with classroom instructions and literature reading, allows students to understand the mechanism of photochromism. The reagents and instruments required for this experiment are simple and cost-effective, which makes the experiment suitable for undergraduate chemistry experiments or other related majors. In addition, these experimental phenomena are notable and interesting. Through this experiment, students can not only improve their knowledge and professional qualities but also cultivate their interest and love for chemistry.

The Arrhenius equation is one of the most important equations in chemical kinetics and has been discussed by scientists for more than a century since its establishment. The historical process of the equation and further explanations of its relationship with the van't Hoff equation are traced. The physical meaning of the Tolman activation energy is discussed with some suggested modifications. The variation of the activation energy with temperature is discussed, and the temperature range for applying the Arrhenius equation is quantitatively analyzed. It is suggested that the three-constant equation be used even in the normal temperature range for reactants with a complex molecular structure. The similarity between some thermodynamic equations and the Arrhenius equation in physical chemistry textbooks are explained. These discussions will help with correctly understanding and applying the Arrhenius equation.

In order to promote the integration of theory and experiment teaching of titration analysis, based on the experience of online teaching mode during the epidemic period, we practiced the virtual experiment classroom teaching mode assisted by micro teaching assistant for teaching of titration analysis. This teaching mode is flexible and free from the restriction of administrative class division and theory and experiment teaching sequence, which can effectively improve the efficiency of experimental teaching and promote the integration of theory and experiment teaching.

In recent years, the emergence and spread of human coronavirus has brought serious crises and great challenges to the global public health system. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a broad-spectrum vaccine against coronavirus. Vaccine has two functions: antigen delivery and immune regulation. In most cases, the pure antigen cannot induce robust immune response to fight against infections. Vaccine adjuvant is an exogenous immunostimulatory added to vaccine and is a critical part in immunity shaping and antigen delivery. With the increasing knowledge of metalloimmunology, in addition to traditional aluminum-contained vaccine adjuvant, other kinds of inorganic adjuvants have attracted much attention for their unique immunological characteristics. Herein, several typical inorganic nanoparticles and their applications in coronavirus vaccines are introduced. The review aims to provide ideas for the development of personalized vaccines and new inorganic nanoadjuvants in the future.

In the course of structural chemistry, "a particle in a one-dimensional box" is an important content, because it contains many concepts, involves a wide range of knowledge, and is highly comprehensive. Based on the "problem-based learning", a series of problems were designed on solving the Schrödinger equation and the result discussion. Starting from asking the questions, students are guided to organically connect the knowledge points by analyzing and solving problems, and to get an in-depth understanding of the basic principles of quantum mechanics. A good teaching effect has been achieved.

A research-oriented computational chemistry experiment for senior undergraduates is presented. The AB₄-type oxyacid negative ions of the main group elements are examples of the types of chemical bonding discussed in theoretical courses of inorganic and structural chemistry, yet the results are controversial. In this experiment, we use common quantum chemistry software to analyze chemical bonding, verify assumptions, and draw conclusions by computational chemistry methods. Through this experiment, students will practice the use of quantum chemical calculations and thus deepen their understanding of basic chemical knowledge.

Carrying out the reform of curriculum ideological and political teaching is an effective way and measure for colleges and universities to realize the three-dimensional education and the fundamental task of morality and cultivation. The Polymer Material Preparation and Molding Innovation Laboratory is a compulsory professional comprehensive practical course for macromolecular materials and engineering major. It has the advantages of rich ideological and political elements and strong appeal of on-site practical teaching. This paper takes the innovation laboratory course of polymer material preparation and molding as an example, systematically discusses the significance, consideration, exploration and long-term mechanism of the curriculum ideological and political teaching reform in practical courses. Specific methods, advantages and significance of ideological and political education for the practical curriculum have been summarized.

To implement the National Teaching Standard for Chemistry Majors and related requirements proposed by the Instructional Committee of Higher Chemistry Education, Ministry of Education, suggestions of physical chemistry laboratory teaching are made. The teaching goals and contents of the overall and definite physical chemistry laboratory are both defined. The principles for measuring physicochemical parameters and properties are clarified based on some typical experiments with special devices. The laboratory teaching goals including knowledge, ability and quality that should be achieved are suggested. It is of guiding significance for the further reform and construction of physical chemistry laboratory.

In the current era of new media, although two-dimensional code and public account technologies have been generally mature, their in-depth applications in chemical experiment teaching and laboratory management are still in the exploratory period. Based on the characteristics of chemistry experimental teaching in college, the applications and existing problems of two-dimensional code and public account in the teaching and management of chemical experiment are analyzed and explored. Starting from both the students and the teachers, the combination of these two auxiliary technologies not only promotes the overall operating efficiency and management level of the experimental teaching platform, but also mobilizes the subjective initiative of the students while giving full play to the leading role of the teacher. The learning effect and practical teaching effect are becoming more and more remarkable, which provides help for the reform of domestic chemical experiment teaching.

There are many parameters for converting methanol to gasoline, and the time required for catalyst loading in the fixed bed reactor or the cooling process after the reaction is long. It is impossible for a group of students to obtain the experimental parameters in a limited lab class time. So, the experimental method of "large group discussion first, then small group experiment" was put forward. Through this practice, students can not only master the basic experimental skills, but also obtain the complete experimental data for the conversion of methanol to gasoline. This practice has stimulated the students' interests in the experiment, improved the teaching efficiency, and finally achieved good results.

The wettability of the solid surface is related to its microgeometry and physicochemical properties, which is determined by both the specific micro-geometry structure of the surface and the physicochemical properties of surface chemicals. The wettability is an important feature of the solid surface and can be measured quantitatively by the contact angle. It not only directly affects life activities of both animals and plants in nature, but also plays an important role in both human's daily life and industrial and agricultural production. The wettability of a solid surface can be measured by the contact angle of water. This popular science experiment discusses the superhydrophobic surface of lotus leaf, water strider and other living things, and expounds the principle of superhydrophobicity, so as to help people understand the origin and development of superhydrophobic materials in life. The superhydrophobic material was prepared by sol-gel method, and its superhydrophobic property was compared with the control surface. Finally, we carried out "traffic light" experiment by employing indigo carmine on the superhydrophobic material for people to feel the beauty and interest of chemistry, so as to stimulate their interest in chemistry, and further lead people to explore and think about the material science.

The classical basic chemistry experiment "determination of micro-quantitative fluorine in water with ion-selective electrode method" was improved to "determination of fluorine content in tea and tea water with ion-selective electrode method". The experimental contents for the "determination of fluorine in tap water" were extended to the "determination of fluorine in tea and tea water, fluorine leaching rate of tea leaves." The effects of tea : water ratio, temperature, brewing time, and tea powder size on the fluorine leaching rate of tea leaves were also investigated. The fluoride content in five kinds of representative tea samples showed that drinking dark tea caused the risk of excessive fluoride intake. In addition, the experiment was further expanded and extended to the ion selective electrode method and other detection methods of trace fluoride. The introduction of research content and grouping experiments was more beneficial to cultivate students' scientific research thinking and spirit of unity and cooperation. Exploratory and challenging experimental contents improved students' ability to innovate and solve practical problems. The infiltration of tea and general health knowledge in students' lives, enhanced their health consciousness. This experiment was rich in content, interesting, easy to operate and promote, and thus suitable for junior undergraduates.

In order to cultivate innovative and practical abilities of college students, it is essential to change the status that knowledge and skill are emphasized, but abilities and moral values are undervalued. Therefore, TEP teaching method is applied in analytical chemistry course. TEP method is a blended teaching model of theory, experiment, and practice. The aim is to construct a progressive teaching system by experimental tasks and practical tasks. First, some tasks and questions are put forwarded to encourage the students' initiative and curiosity; then, students actively look for the answers in learning process; after learning theoretical knowledge, the students can perform experimental tasks themselves with the help of laboratory manual and videos; finally, the students must independently carry out challenging practical tasks. In order to achieve the goals of moral education, the content of ideological and political education should be aptly added into all departments of TEP method. Additionally, an appropriate teaching evaluation is made to implement the TEP method effectively.

Undergraduate laboratory course is important for understanding the theoretical knowledge. In order to improve undergraduates' rational understanding of experimental theory and skills, and enhance their awareness and interests in autonomous learning, this paper puts forward the methods of "theory query" and "step adjustment" to encourage students to give a full play to their creative thinking and improve their lab skill. This method has been practiced in the organic chemistry laboratory under the guidance of the authors. As a result, the enthusiasm of students in the experimental process has been significantly improved; more scientific problems and new ideas have been put forward for the rationality and continuous improvement of the experimental method, and the truth that "it is better to believe than not to have books" has been understood.

In order to strengthen the integration of analytical chemistry laboratory and course ideology and politics, the laboratory teaching mode is carried out based on the connection between ideological elements and students' cognitive experience. We designed a teaching experiment to determine the content of menthol in LianhuaQingwen Capsules by gas chromatography, optimized the chromatographic conditions to suit classroom teaching mode, and explored specific experimental design ideas to make the course achieve the same frequency resonance of knowledge transfer and value guidance. The teaching practice shows that the newly-designed gas chromatography experiment has improved students' practical application ability in instrumental analysis, which has given the unique ideological and political education functions.

Polypyrrole, a π-conjugated conducting polymer with specific photoelectric properties, has been systematically introduced into the curricula of many colleges. Its preparation has been used to illustrate comprehensive experiments, integrating knowledge from multiple disciplines such as chemistry, physics, and material science. The Electrochemical Preparation Experiment of Polypyrrole developed by our university was successfully advanced from a simple preparation task into a comprehensive open experiment. First, electrochemical polymerization was carried out under the three-electrode system and the polymerization conditions were explored. Thereafter, a cyclic voltammetry test was conducted to study the electrochromism of polypyrrole. Finally, the conductivity of the products, obtained under different conditions, was characterized and analyzed. The enhanced content of this new experiment design will help students improve their comprehensive skills and cultivate their scientific thinking, which conforms with current developments in modern chemistry education.

The free radical reaction is a key point and a challenge in the environmental chemistry course. To achieve a good teaching effect, this study uses quantum chemical calculation combined with three-dimensional visualization graphics to demonstrate the single-electron process in free radical reaction by "spin density" index. We optimize and adjust the content and the form of teaching according to the specific status of students and teachers. Firstly, the electronic structure of hydroxyl radical was analyzed by molecular orbital theory, and the concepts of spin density, single electron and semi-filled orbital were clarified. Secondly, the classical free radical reaction was tracked by visualizing the spin density. Finally, a relationship between spin density and electrostatic potential was established to deepen the understanding of environmental free radical processes. Integrating organic chemistry with modern chemical theory endows the environmental free radical reaction with deeper connotation, provides more "handles" for research or operation, improves students' interest in learning, harmonizes the relationship between teachers and students, and achieves the expected teaching objectives.

Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in scientific research and industrial analysis for measuring the molecular structure and identifying the composition of compounds. The composition and microstructure of the system under study can be determined by monitoring the intensity and position of the infrared absorption peak, and the dynamics information can be further unraveled. With the development of technology, infrared spectrometers are gradually miniaturized and the measurements are simplified significantly. However, the infrared spectroscopic measurement is still not included in undergraduate physical chemistry experiment. Based on this and for the purpose of carrying out the idea of integration of research and teaching, the authors attempt to extend the innovation and entrepreneurship training program "kinetic research on azeotrope separation using ionic liquids as entrainers" to undergraduate physical chemistry, in hopes to fill the gap that the infrared spectroscopic measurement method is not integrated in the physical chemistry experiment. In this paper, methanol methyl acetate azeotropic system is selected as the research object, the understanding of whose microscopic structure could provide valuable insights for in polyvinyl alcohol industry. In addition, azeotropic system is also very important in the study of thermodynamic phase equilibrium in physical chemistry, but students usually do not have a direct and clear understanding of its microstructure at the molecular level. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the microstructure of azeotropic system by infrared spectroscopy.

Inorganic and analytical chemistry experiment is the first offering compulsory laboratory course of biological science specialty in Hanjiang Normal University, whose teaching calibre is of great significance to the follow-up specialty course study, and the cultivation of research capabilities and innovative thinking of the undergraduates. However, such course has some issues including unmatched schedule between theory and practice, unpreparedness for class and monotonous final examining mode. The "three-dimensional" teaching mode comprised of courseware transmission, question collection and ability enhancement were employed to improve the learning initiative and stimulate curiosity by highlighting the principal position of students and implementing the assessment mechanism to each link of the course learning. The development of the "three-dimensional" teaching mode is applicable in facilitating the teaching quality of inorganic and analytical chemistry experiment course for Hanjiang Normal University.