Experimental report (including preview report) is chief component of the laboratory class. It should reflect phenomenon and result of the experiment, benefit students on promoting knowledge in the process of writing the experimental report. Through reading, commenting and appraising timely the experimental report (including preview report), we can help students master fundamental principle, think deeply experimental questions in the process of improving the experimental report, increase the lab skill and observing ability, and ultimately vastly promote scientific literacy and comprehensive capacity.

After 77 years of development and construction, the chemistry major at Shaanxi Normal University has formed distinctive specialty features and advantages. This paper comprehensively introduces the measures and achievements of chemistry major at Shaanxi Normal University in constructing the integrated undergraduate-postgraduate training mode, optimizing the curriculum system, improving the school running conditions, constructing the practice platform, and perfecting the guarantee mechanism in the future-excellent-chemistry-teacher training.

Instrumental analysis is of great importance for environmental specialty education in universities. The teaching effect directly affects the final output of subsequent environmental courses. Instrumental analysis course has complex knowledge, abstract theory and complex structure. Students' learning effects are poor and knowledge points are difficult to internalize, and the classroom atmosphere is dull. Interesting curriculum design, flipped classroom and multidimensional effective evaluation are combines in this paper for the better exploration and practice of instrumental analysis teaching reform, so as to make the instrumental analysis course stimulating and make students love learning.

The advancement of science and technology and changes in social needs have led to more stringent requirements for practical teaching in universities. To meet the requirements, the School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science of Guangxi Normal University proposes reforms in the teaching of experiments related to analytical chemistry, drug analysis, and comprehensive chemistry in terms of experimental teaching content, teaching methods, and teaching impact evaluation. This reform improves students' innovation ability and practical ability. Moreover, it promotes the cultivation of outstanding talents with good scientific literacy.

To keep pace with the development of the new era, around the goal of cultivating innovative talents, based on the actual source of students, the College of Chemistry at Zhengzhou University has worked hard to establish a practical system to cultivate top-notch talents of chemistry. The system involves inspirational mentorship, "two across, two down" course group, "two methods, two ability" formative path, and ideology guidance with the development of the Communist Party. After more than ten years of practice, the quality of the system has been remarkable, which has provided models for related institutes toward the cultivation of internationally competitive top talents.

With the further deepening of education and teaching reform, in view of problems in traditional organic chemistry laboratory courses, the Chemistry Experiment Teaching Center in SUSTech has carried out a comprehensive course reform in three aspects: course contents, teaching methods, and assessment modes. Years of practices have proved that the teaching effects of laboratory courses have been significantly improved, and the qualities of students have been comprehensively improved. Some cases in this article may provide references for the teaching reform of organic chemistry laboratory in other universities.

This paper introduced some featured work of the chemical engineering experiment course in the construction of membrane separation chemical experiment project, construction of teaching resource and innovation of teaching mode, which has played a positive role in improving the quality of laboratory teaching.

Curriculum teaching and reform should integrate knowledge renewal and focus on professional training objectives to truly implement the teaching to the desired points. Therefore, we reconstructed the curriculum contents by integrating basic chemistry knowledge into daily life when teaching "basic chemistry" in primary education specialty. In addition, we provided students with practice opportunities by building experimental platform and paid attention to cultivate the accomplishments of students in carrying out science education activities. These measures have achieved good teaching effects.

Many reforms have been performed in high school education and the college entrance examination recently. There are also some special policies that the ethnic institutes have to obey during the college enrollment. As a result, significant differences have been observed in the chemistry basic knowledge of students. In addition, the students also have different learning purpose for reasons. Therefore, studies on the level-teaching of inorganic and analytical chemistry were carried out. Investigation results show that most of the students agree with the level-teaching attempt, and good results have been achieved during the initial practice. However, further studies are still needed to be carried out in order to make all the students fully developed.

Chemical engineering production practice is an important part in the teaching of chemical engineering majors, which aims to cultivate and improve students' practical ability. Facing the difficult situation of school-enterprise cooperative practice, this paper puts forward a mode for colleges and universities to carry out undergraduate practice education based on chemical training workshop and large chemical enterprises, and discusses the advantages and effects. This mode will provide reference for promoting the teaching reform of production practice of chemical specialty.

Based on the establishment objective of comprehensive chemistry laboratory (Ⅰ) and the current laboratory teaching situations, the blended teaching model combining online teaching with offline teaching was put forward, in order to train talents in chemistry and improve students' comprehensive academic ability. The blended teaching pattern in the application of comprehensive chemistry laboratory was presented, taking "steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectrum experiment" as an example. In the teaching process, online video teaching, demonstration experiment and offline practical operation were combined, supplemented with other teaching methods such as oral presentation, symposium, etc., which would fully mobilize students' interest and enrich the teaching elements. The questionnaire showed that most students believed that the online and offline combined teaching model was very helpful and attractive.

Focusing on the promotion of "four returns" in undergraduate teaching, taking the teaching reform of the first laboratory course "inorganic chemistry laboratory" as an example and starting from the student-centered teaching content design, this paper sticks to the "curriculum ideology and politics" with the guidance of the teaching goal. The design of the teaching content, teaching objectives and the setting of evaluation system reflect the implementation of "four returns" in inorganic chemistry laboratory teaching of freshman from different view points. According to the students' feedback and response, as well as the evaluation of learning and teaching, it is concluded that the teaching reform has achieved certain results.

Analytical chemistry is a compulsory course for the chemistry major (Normal major) of our university and is an excellent course of the autonomous region level. Under the background of "Double First-class" construction, the course of analytical chemistry adheres to the teaching philosophy of Outcome based education (OBE) and focuses on students. This paper expounds the innovative design, construction ideas and measures of the first-class course of analytical chemistry from the following aspects: the integration of course ideology and politics, the strengthening of curriculum construction oriented by teaching objectives, the integration of curriculum theory and innovative experiments, the evaluation of curriculum achievement, and the experimental innovation and reform led by first-class scientific research. It fully embodies the advanced, innovative and challenging degree of the first-class course of analytical chemistry, and achieves the teaching objectives of the course, which plays a supporting role in the graduation requirements.

According to the characteristics of the analytical chemistry, this paper focuses on explaining the route for integrating ideological and political education in analytical chemistry courses by combining with the teaching practice. Based on the principles of cultivating students' scientific literacy, application ability and correct values formation, ideological and political elements are integrated into curriculum teaching through various paths. Taking disciplinary knowledge as the carrier, the ideological and political elements are organically integrated through the multi-media path. Teaching design guided by goals, with the help of laboratory teaching and improvement in evaluation methods, through various information platforms and online + offline dual channels, the whole process moral education are implemented. It achieves the goal of value leadership while deepening the understanding, improving students' ability to apply and comprehensively analyze what they have learned. Ultimately, the teaching of professional knowledge and ideological and political education are coordinated and promoted with each other.

Flavonoids play an important role in medicine, and its chemical synthesis is the research hotspot. Flavonoids are usually synthesized by the dehydration and ring closure of β-propanedione. However, the traditional method has several defects, such as long reaction time, low yield and difficulty in separation. Development of more efficient and more environmental friendly synthetic methods is imperative. Herein, we summarize the recent research progresses in the preparation of flavonoids by dehydration and ring-closure reactions under different conditions.

As the energy source for chemical reactions, visible light has many advantages, such as cleanliness, low lost, and energy saving. Compared with the traditional thermal reactions, the organic reactions by means of visible light photoredox catalysis have relatively lower activation energy, and thus can be carried out under mild conditions. In recent years, selective functionalization of C(sp³)-H bond has been esteemed as one of the most creative emerging synthetic strategies in organic synthesis. In this paper, we briefly introduced the general principle of visible light photoredox catalysis and discussed the recent achievements of C(sp³)-H functionalization reactions involving α-C(sp³)-H adjacent to heteroatoms, benzylic C(sp³)-H, allylic C(sp³)-H and unreactive C(sp³)-H bonds, providing a robust synthetic strategy for the late-stage functionalization of natural products and pharmaceuticals.

Carbohydrates play a pivotal role in our biological system and daily life, and have been considered as an important teaching content for organic chemistry. Sucralose which is derived from sucrose is a new type of sweetener with great economic value and can be served as a good teaching material for undergraduate course. This article describes the properties, discovery, synthesis and application of sucralose and also discusses the possibility of sucralose becoming a subject in the organic chemistry course, which is a new exploration of integrating practical applications of fine organic products into organic chemistry teaching.

The most favored anti-conformation of ethane would turn into gauche-conformation when the vicinal hydrogen atoms are replaced by two fluorine atoms. Such a switch shows how the gauche effect impacts the relative conformation of organic molecules. Herein, we briefly survey the history of the gauche effect as well as its broad applications in organic synthesis. Particularly, we highlight the recent investigations on the related sulfur-fluorine gauche effect. With the aid of experiments, we confirmed that the sulfur-fluorine gauche effect could be easily regulated via the subtle change of positive charges on the sulfur atom. Such a positive interplay between scientific research and organic course teaching would profoundly help students to understand the basic concepts and advanced applications of the sulfur-fluorine gauche effect.

This experiment is oriented by photochemical synthesis of nitrone, and applied to undergraduate laboratory teaching. The integration of continuous flow chemistry and organic photochemistry can effectively expand the scope of current undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory teaching and let students understand the frontier research hotspots and new synthetic technologies. The photochemical synthesis of nitrones was realized by capturing the photo-generated carbene intermediates with nitrosobenzene. The simple flow photochemical reactor is cheap and easy to build, which is suitable for undergraduates to use in the basic laboratory. Through this experiment, students can also get familiar with the operation of thin-layer analysis, column chromatography and related instruments in micro organic reaction, and apply the theoretical knowledge of nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum/carbon spectrum to analyze the structural products, exercise students' active exploration spirit and comprehensive practical ability, and improve students' awareness of environmental protection.

An experimental design on conformation statistics and analysis of polymer chains by means of molecular simulation is introduced in this paper. Polyethylene, which is commonly used and has a simple structure, was selected as the research object, and the "Materials Studio" software was used to construct the polyethylene chain, simulate its thermal relaxation, and verify the scaling theory of conformation size in combination with statistical methods. In this experiment, the latest molecular simulation software was used to reproduce the microscopic images of polymer chains at the microscopic level, which is helpful for students to achieve visual understanding of the concept of "random coils" and deepen their understanding of polymers. In addition, conditions such as vacuum and high temperature were chosen, which considerably accelerate the simulation process and help students quickly obtain reliable experimental results on personal computers and meet the time requirements of the experimental courses.

Flow chemistry technology has become one of the most promising technologies in organic synthesis due to its high heat and mass transfer efficiency, high reaction safety, short reaction time and precise control of reaction parameters compared with conventional batch reaction. Many universities abroad have set up the experiment of flow chemistry, while it is still in its infancy in China. In this study, the classic Claisen-Schmidt reaction in organic chemistry experiment was improved through the liquid-liquid flow chemical reaction platform. The reaction process was monitored by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Under the same teaching purpose, this experiment has the distinct advantages of short reaction time, obvious phenomenon and less alkali dosage.

In this paper, a comprehensive chemistry experiment based on fluorescent probe was designed for the detection of formaldehyde. This experiment covers the fluorescence sensing mechanism based on photo-induced electron transfer, the synthesis of formaldehyde-responsive fluorescence sensor, and the preparation and application of formaldehyde-responsive test paper. Simultaneously, the research results with application prospects will be combined with the practical application of formaldehyde pollution and detection in daily life through the form of the integration of science and education, which can improve students' awareness of scientific research innovation, and apply what they learn to serve daily life.

Organic photochemical reactions have attracted significant attention in recent years. Compounds based on the skeleton of indoline heterocyclic rings have shown various biological activities, such as antifungal, pest control, and medicinal activities for metabolic diseases. In the research of NSFC, we developed a new environmentally friendly method to synthesize indoline derivatives. Based on the results obtained from an organic micro chemical experiment, the synthesis of 1-methyl-2-phenyl indoline with styrene and 2-iodo-N-methylaniline was proposed through [3 + 2] radical cyclization induced by light. By introducing the latest scientific research findings into experimental teaching, the content and level can be enriched, and thus, we can help students establish the concept of green chemistry and environmental awareness, as well as effectively expand their knowledge.

Determination of the stoichiometric ratio and stability constants of iron(Ⅱ)-(1, 10-phenanthroline) complex via UV-Visible spectrophotometry is an important experiment in chemistry and related fields. Because laboratory conditions have been significant improved in recent times, the experimental procedure was optimized systematically in this study. The UV-Visible absorption spectra of the Fe(phen)₃²⁺ complex together with the free ligand were measured to determine the wavelength (λ) for the continuous variation methods. Meanwhile, frontier molecular orbital analysis of the complex provides clear visual evidence that the long-wavelength absorption band corresponds mainly to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition. Additionally, the experiments could achieve reliable and unbiased results for the composition and stability constants by analyzing experimental data using the Origin software. It is expected that these improvements and optimizations in the stoichiometric and stability constant determination experiments could help students become acquainted with the scientific experimental method, which is a critical requisite for student learning and development.

Methanol, a basic chemical raw material, is a common solvent in production and one of the common fuels of alcohol fuel cells. However, it is volatile and can cause toxicity to the human nervous system. Therefore, real-time monitoring of the concentration of methanol vapor in the environment is of great significance. In this paper, a comprehensive experiment "a wearable intelligent high selectivity gas-liquid bifunctional methanol electrochemical sensor" was designed on the basis of scientific research achievements. The experiment includes inorganic material synthesis, screen printing preparation, instrumental analysis and characterization, electrochemical sensing and detection, covering the main related knowledge points of several chemistry courses, thus is very comprehensive and cutting-edge. Through this experiment, students can not only consolidate the basic knowledge of chemistry, master the synthesis and characterization skills of graphene materials, but also understand the working principle of electrochemical sensors, which greatly stimulate students' interests in scientific research.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) is one of the new types of crystalline solid materials composed by organic building units through the intermolecular hydrogen bond (H-bond). They have attracted great attention in the field of proton conduction due to their characteristics of high crystallinity, adjustable pore size, low density, abundant and dense H-bonds. In line with the current research frontier, we prepared benzotriazolyl acetic acid-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF 1) through one-step method in water and determined its composition and structure by means of elemental analysis, infrared spectrum and powder X-ray diffraction. Then, its proton conductivity was measured at three relative humidity (75%, 85% and 98% RHs) and different temperature (60?100 ℃) by alternating current impedance method. The proton conduction mechanism can be deduced by calculation of activation energy. This chemistry experiment is appropriate in difficulty and its testing methods are diversified, which enables the students to know a scientific research frontier, improve their interests in scientific research and stimulate their enthusiasm for scientific research, thus increase their confidence in scientific research in the future.

Electrochemical organic synthesis uses electrons as clean reagents, and has developed rapidly in recent years. This research explores the phenol derivatives and azoles as raw materials to achieve dehydrogenation coupling through electrochemical oxidation, and the construction of C-N bonds for the synthesis of N-azolated aromatic products. Subsequently, the reproducibility of the reaction and the compatibility of substrate were studied to ultimately establish an operation process suitable for undergraduate innovative laboratory research. The experiment involves C-H functionalization reaction, which is the current frontier of organic synthesis scientific research. The reaction operation is simple, safe and efficient. Moreover, the reaction time is controllable via tuning the electricity. The reaction can be monitored by using thin-layer chromatography. The products can be separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, and the structure can be analyzed by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The reaction is based on green organic synthesis to develop practical synthetic methods for nitrogen-containing compounds, by comprehensively applying cross-disciplinary knowledge of organic chemistry and physical chemistry.

In this project, we innovatively redesigned the experiment "Determination of Catalytic Activity of Oxidation Gold Nanoparticles in Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation reaction". ¹⁹F NMR, which is widely used in scientific research, is introduced into the teaching experiment as a kinetic detection method. The reaction substrate was replaced by fluorobenzyl alcohol, and the reaction rate constant and activation energy of substituents at different positions were compared through team cooperation. During the experiment, students can learn the principle and practical operation of NMR, compare the effect of substituent on catalytic reaction, and have a deeper understanding of catalytic mechanism combined with the theoretical knowledge of organic chemistry. The project realizes the organic combination of the dynamics teaching of ¹⁹F NMR detection with the theoretical knowledge of organic chemistry and instrumental analysis technology, and cultivates the students' ability of active thinking and solving practical problems.

A comprehensive exploratory chemical experiment is designed to introduce carbon-based bioelectrochemical materials into undergraduate experimental teaching. This experiment consists of preparing three-dimensional N-doped carbon nanospheres (3D-N-CB) and applying them in the electrochemical detection of glutathione. First, 3D-N-CB was synthesized via one-pot pyrolysis using melamine and carbon black as the raw materials. Subsequently, the bioelectrochemical sensing performance of 3D-N-CB was studied using various electrochemical techniques, and glutathione detection was successfully achieved under optimal conditions. This experiment can fully embody the scientific research thinking mode of synthesis-characterization-application. And it can cultivate the ability of undergraduate students to innovate independently in scientific research. Therefore, the experiment can effectively improve the basic experimental skills and comprehensive application ability of undergraduates.

The biological nanopore technique is a revolutionary single-molecule electrochemical method. The single-molecule sequencing of DNA was accomplished following rapid developments over the last three decades, and has been extensively applied in the single-molecule sensing of biomolecules, including peptides and proteins. This paper discusses the importance of introducing nanopore-based single-molecule experiments into university classrooms and expounds on the specific content and implementation model for teaching. This innovative experimental course adopts the teaching mode of "integration of science and education" for second- and third-year undergraduates with some background in chemistry and biochemistry. The teaching plan has been carefully designed and is continuously being optimized according to teaching practices. We integrated the latest achievements in nanopore electrochemistry and related interdisciplinary fields into classroom teaching to expand students' horizons and stimulate their interests in scientific research. In addition, students were encouraged to collaborate on experimental assignments and brainstorm, which could help cultivate their academic thinking capability and comprehensive innovation ability.

This article mainly summarizes the overall ideas of laboratory construction and management based on the concept of laboratory refinement construction and management that helps conduct laboratory teaching safely and efficiently and in compliance with standards at the National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Chemistry, Xiamen University. The university combines standardized management with humanized service, as well as the progress of informationization and intelligent construction of laboratory teaching and its management, and management of experimental instruments and chemical reagents. These summaries will help other universities to promote laboratory construction and management at a higher starting point, a higher level and a higher goal.

Preparation of acetylsalicylic acid is one of the classic experiment in organic chemistry laboratory in many universities. The relevant textbooks and literatures generally believe that the by-product of the experiment is the polymer of salicylic acid. Based on the standard preparation method, this study collects the by-product and identifies the structure by means of thin layer chromatography, IR spectra, ¹H NMR and melting test. The result shows that the by-product is acetylsalicylic anhydride instead of the polymer of salicylic acid. The paper discusses the reasons for the presence of acetylsalicylic anhydride, providing the scientific basis for the accurate transmission of knowledge in preparing acetylsalicylic acid in laboratory teaching. The paper is intended to cultivate students' critical thinking and innovative spirit and, in the long run, to improve the teaching quality.

The morphology of Cu-MOF was controlled by microemulsion method, and the experimental condition were optimized to obtain nano Cu-MOF. In order to develop and update the teaching case for materials chemistry laboratory course, the influencing factors of experimental conditions on the morphology of Cu-MOF were explored, including cyclohexane dosage, reaction time, and reaction temperature. To meet the requirements of material chemistry laboratory course, experimental details were optimized to obtain an ideal teaching case with the advantages of good repeatability, low cost, and high feasibility. Through this experimental case, it is helpful for students to master the skills in the synthesis of nano MOFs.

Some of the radiochemistry experiments in some universities are relatively outdated and involve insufficient experimentation times. This paper describes the design of a new radiochemistry experiment. Using chitosan as a raw material, an anion exchange resin was synthesized by a two-step reaction. Its structure and micromorphology were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Using this material, the adsorption properties of U in an alkaline solution were studied. The designed experiment is easy to conduct and allows students to prepare their own materials; this is challenging and can stimulate students' interest in learning, as well as cultivate in them the art of systematic scientific research thinking and environmental awareness.

The effect of state parameters on Throttling Expansion is less investigated in the current tutorials of physical chemistry. Therefore, Joule-Thomson coefficient containing p, V_m was rudimentarily discussed based on van der Waals gas. Taking Nitrogen gas as an example, 3D μ_J-T-p-T profile and 2D contour map were further plotted by converting independent variables p, V_m into p, T by means of van der Waals equation to reflect the dependence of μ_J-T on p, T more intuitively.

In this paper, we give several typical examples on controllable fabrication of functional nanomaterials by employing basic chemical principle. The underlying chemistry behind the structure and morphology control is also analyzed. It would facilitate the students to realize how close the relation between the basic knowledge and the frontier research topic is, which is of significant importance in enhancing the study interesting and cultivating the ability of basic knowledge application.

Obtaining the dipole moment in solvents is a classic college-level physical chemistry experiment. The data processing is somehow tedious despite the relatively simple operations. The basic formulas are usually expressed under Gaussian units and this causes difficulties for students who are only familiar with the International System of Units (SI units) with chemistry background. Here we discuss units conversions within the scope of the experiment and emphasize the derivation of the coefficients in the final equation. This may improve both understandings and data processing of the experiment.

For better integration with the international nomenclature, the principles for naming organic compounds in Chinese have been revised and supplemented in the book Principles for Naming Organic Compounds 2017. To help readers effectively learn the new naming principles, this paper considers various compounds in basic organic chemistry and briefly summarizes the revised naming principles by comparing the old and new versions with a range of examples.

Textbooks are the main basis for teaching and learning. Learning to use teaching materials is one of the necessary skills for normal university students to grow into expert teachers. How to "teach teaching materials" rather than "teach with teaching materials" is a problem that normal university students must think and solve. At present, there are many researches on the reform of normal education in the academic circle, but there are few researches on the use of textbooks of normal university students, especially on the analytical ability of textbooks of chemistry normal university students. In view of this, with the help of instructional design submitted by the normal university students, the authors study problems when students use the teaching materials, at the same time with the aid of eye-movement apparatus equipment, to further explore the normal distribution of attention in using teaching material, and attempts to put forward effective strategies to raise the capacity of students' teaching material analysis and the reasonable suggestion. This work will provide new ideas for training outstanding teachers in the future.

This paper tries to apply virtual simulation experiment in chemistry teaching theory laboratory course of normal university students, and discusses the influence of virtual simulation experiment on enhancing self-efficacy of normal university students and improving their professional experimental skills by adopting the mixed teaching mode of "online + offline". It proves that the value concept, learning motivation and self-regulation ability of normal university students have been significantly improved.

The Arrhenius equation is one of the most important equations in chemical kinetics and has been discussed by scientists for more than a century since its establishment. The historical process of the equation and further explanations of its relationship with the van't Hoff equation are traced. The physical meaning of the Tolman activation energy is discussed with some suggested modifications. The variation of the activation energy with temperature is discussed, and the temperature range for applying the Arrhenius equation is quantitatively analyzed. It is suggested that the three-constant equation be used even in the normal temperature range for reactants with a complex molecular structure. The similarity between some thermodynamic equations and the Arrhenius equation in physical chemistry textbooks are explained. These discussions will help with correctly understanding and applying the Arrhenius equation.

The nucleophilic addition of Grignard reagents with carbonyl compounds is a classical reaction to construct C-C bonds, which is frequently accompanied by side-reactions, mainly including the enolization and reduction of carbonyl compounds. To explore the molecular mechanism of these three reactions, quantum chemical calculations were performed on the reaction of ethylmagnesium bromide (EtMgBr) with diisopropyl ketone (CO(iPr)₂), a prototypical reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl compounds. It is found that diethyl magnesium (MgEt₂) obtained from the Schlenk equilibrium of EtMgBr, is more active toward CO(iPr)₂ than EtMgBr, which is generally described as the virtual active species in the textbook. The diethylether is shown to play a substantial role in the reactivity, especially in favor of nucleophilic addition reaction. The calculated energy barriers of the three reactions can rationalized the experimentally observed main product to by-products yield ratio.

This study explains the process of calculating BET parameters and obtaining BET areas from experimental data. Furthermore, five mathematical relationships that should be followed among the BET parameters are discussed. This paper also introduces the derivation of the experimental standard deviation and briefly touches upon evaluating the uncertainty in measurements, along with their conclusive application to BET measurements. Finally, the paper emphasizes on providing insights on using the BET model to analyze Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and other materials.

The Hückel molecular orbital method is an approximate model to describe the interactions of π-electrons in a conjugate system. In structural chemistry textbooks, the recursive formulas for the eigendeterminants and eigenenergy levels of conjugated π-electrons systems have been directly provided, without derivation. Based on mathematical induction, this work shows how these recursive formulas are derived for linear and monocyclic conjugated polyenes, and clarifies the characteristics and regularity of the eigenenergy levels. This information is suitable for students who lack mathematical knowledge with regard to topics such as the group theory and graph theory.

The electrophilic addition reactions to but-1-en-3-yne were calculated using quantum chemistry. The results show that hydrohalogenation and bromination of but-1-en-3-yne produce a mixture of 1, 2- and 1, 4-addition products. The products' distribution of 1, 4-addition and 1, 2-addition is governed by kinetic or thermodynamic control, respectively. 1, 4-Addition products, the allenes, although thermodynamically less stable, are formed faster with a lower activation barrier. However, 1, 2-addition products, the conjugated dienes, which are a bit more stable than the 1, 4-addition products, are thermodynamic. The solvent model predicts a lowering of the energy barrier for the rate-determining steps of the reactions in H₂O and CHCl₃ solution.

The reform of China's higher education has been carried out steadily and deeply. Teaching and examination are the key parts to improve the quality of higher education. The effect and feedback of "TBL + Two stage exam" mode extensively adopted as teaching-test model in courses of University of British Columbia (UBC) are analyzed and summarized. The TBL teaching improves the efficiency in large class and the two-state exam is more like another mode of learning from partner rather than test. "TBL+ Two-state exam" changes the single-person exam manner and highlights the interaction of collaboration and communication among students, which will stimulate the enthusiasm of students for active learning, and cultivate students' social communication skills at the same time. The deficiencies and problems of "TBL+ Two-state exam" are discussed in this article. All these conclusions may provide some ideas for the reform of science curriculum in large-scale classes.