Adv. Search
2024 Vol. 39,No. 11Published:28 November 2024
Study and Reform of Chemical Education
  • Research and Practice of the “Integration of Theory and Practice Drives Innovation” Teaching Mode in Inorganic Chemistry under the Background of “Four New” Construction
  • Fangdong Hu, Xiaolei Jiang
  • To address the increasing demand for skilled talents and to foster integration into the development of the “Four New” areas, a blended teaching model that harmoniously combines theoretical knowledge with practical application to promote innovation has been established, thereby enhancing the synergy between teaching and mentoring. Specifically designed to suit the unique needs of the inorganic chemistry curriculum, this method intricately weaves education in innovation and entrepreneurship with conventional academic instruction through a variety of strategies. These strategies encompass the redesign of course content, the creation of a comprehensive resource repository, the adoption of innovative teaching methodologies characterized by “one interconnectivity, three integrations, and two reflections”, the implementation of a holistic “trinity” assessment and evaluation system, and the initiation of pioneering innovative practice activities. This pedagogical model empowers students to not only grasp professional knowledge but also significantly enhances their scientific knowledge, innovative thinking, and research capabilities, making a substantial contribution to the “Four New” construction initiative.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 1-8. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402013
  • Advice for Young Teachers to Promote Teaching Level of Physical Chemistry
  • Congyi Wu
  • Physical chemistry is an important yet difficult course for students to study in chemistry, chemical engineering and relevant major. As more and more young teachers are beginning to teach physical chemistry course in university. It is an important and urgent issue for them to promote their teaching level. In this paper, I present my own experience and advice on teaching physical chemistry such as paying great attention to exercises and experiments and linking theory with practice, in order to provide some useful suggestions for young teachers.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 15-19. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402054
  • Exploration and Teaching Practice of Ideological and Political Elements in Interface Physical Chemistry: Taking “Additional Pressure on Curved Surfaces” as an Teaching Example
  • Yanhui Sun, Junmin Nan, Guozheng Ma, Xiaoxi Zuo, Guoliang Li, Xiaoming Lin
  • This paper explores the ideological and political elements, including scientific spirit, scientific ethics, and patriotic sentiment, present in interface physical chemistry from three dimensions of knowledge system, application expansion, and scientists’ contributions. Using the topic of “Additional Pressure on Curved Surface” as a practical example, teaching practices are implemented by integrating ideological and political elements throughout different stages of the course, employing a variety of blended methods such as online and offline activities, pre-class, in-class, and post-class assignments, and involving both teachers and students. This model provides a reference for integrating ideological and political education into science and engineering courses, particularly in the field of physical chemistry.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 20-27. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402023
  • Construction and Exploration of an Online-Offline Blended “Eight-Link” Teaching Method for Physical Chemistry Experiments Based on OBE Concept
  • Shengyan Yang, Xiangzhen Meng, Xin Wang, Yang Zhang
  • Addressing the current challenges in physical chemistry experimental teaching, we have developed a meticulous eight-component teaching framework guided by the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) concept. This framework breaks down the traditional three-step experimental teaching model of “pre-course preparation, classroom experiment, and post-course report” into eight distinct teaching segments, namely “course introduction, pre-course preparation, classroom flipping, course experiment, lab report, post-course enhancement, performance evaluation, and course discussion”. Through this segmentation, we have established an online-offline blended teaching system of “one concept + eight links” for physical chemistry experiments. The aim of this system is to drive effective teaching and learning by integrating knowledge dissemination, skill development, and critical thinking into each segment, fostering students’ independent thinking and autonomous learning abilities, enhancing their comprehensive innovative skills, and providing a reference for similar universities’ experimental teaching reforms.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 28-37. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402019
  • Integrating the Ideological Elements with the “Chemical Reaction Heat” Teaching
  • Yang Lv, Yingping Jia, Yanhua Li, Hexiang Zhong, Xinping Wang
  • Chemical thermodynamics is often perceived as abstract, making it challenging to integrate ideological cultivation into the curriculum. In this paper, we present our practice of seamlessly integrating ideological elements into the teaching of “chemical reaction heat” and share our experiences in achieving the holistic development of students’ knowledge, skills, and qualities.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 44-51. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402059
  • Research on the Talent Training System to Enhance the Core Competence of Employment for Undergraduate Students Majoring in Materials Chemistry
  • Yan Yuan, Haitao Wu, Yi Zhang, Li Jiang, Feng Cao, Yanmao Dong
  • In the context of the new era, how to cultivate the college students’ employability and enhance their core competitiveness in employment is a major issue that urgently needs to be addressed in university employment work. This paper analyzes the current situation of ability cultivation and employment for undergraduate students majoring in Materials Chemistry in local universities. Combining practical experience, it explores two aspects: ideological guidance and ability cultivation. It investigates the concepts of industry-education integration (I), engineering education certification (E), science-education integration (S), and the integration of course ideology and morality (M). This study explores the "IESM" talent training system aimed at enhancing the core competitiveness of employment for students majoring in Materials Chemistry in local universities, providing a reference for the talent training system in this field.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 52-56. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402015
  • Visual Analysis of Hotspots and Development Trends in Analytical Chemistry Education Reform
  • Zhenli Sun, Ning Wang, Kexin Lin, Qin Dai, Yufei Zhou, Dandan Cao, Yanfeng Dang
  • Focusing on the reform of analytical chemistry theory and laboratory teaching, this study integrated interdisciplinary knowledge from chemistry and related disciplines, and utilized the CiteSpace tool to conduct an in-depth analysis of the literatures on analytical chemistry teaching reform in China. Through visual analysis, the key reform hotspots in experimental teaching, such as the integration of flipped classrooms, Internet plus, MOOCs, and other modern educational technologies, were identified. The cutting-edge teaching trends such as the integration of curriculum ideology and politics, informatization of teaching, and new engineering concepts were also explored, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the reform of analytical chemistry teaching.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 57-64. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403095
  • Artificial Intelligence & Chemistry Course Construction
  • Jing Du, Xi Yu, Xiaofei Ma, Wentao Zhao
  • This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence technology into the construction of chemistry courses, highlighting its practical applications in chemical research. It outlines the teaching objectives, curriculum design, and syllabus for AI-enhanced chemistry courses, along with implementation strategies and case studies. Additionally, the paper introduces the development of an AI+chemical engineering virtual simulation platform. The establishment of these courses aims to significantly enhance chemical education and research in China.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 65-71. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403072
  • Exploration and Implementation of Science-Education Integration in Organic Chemistry Teaching for Pharmacy Majors: A Case Study on Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides
  • Daojuan Cheng, Fang Fang
  • Science and education cooperation is an important direction of teaching reform and development, which is beneficial for cultivating talents combined with innovative spirit and practical ability. Organic chemistry is a basic course of pharmacy-related majors that emphasizes both theory and practice in Chinese medicine colleges. With the rapid development of theoretical knowledge and experimental technology of organic chemistry, it is imperative to introduce the concept of science and education collaboration into the teaching of this course. Taking the teaching of nucleophilic substitution mechanism SN2/SN1 of alkyl halides as an example, the teaching process is redesigned to integrate professional quality and scientific research frontier. The purpose is to improve the quality of classroom teaching, enhance students’ professional identity, as well as cultivate scientific spirit and patriotism.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 72-78. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403105
  • Exploring Reverse Teaching Practices in Physical Chemistry Experiment Courses: A Case Study on Chemical Reaction Kinetics
  • Dexin Tan, Limin Liang, Baoyi Lv, Huiwen Guan, Haicheng Chen, Yanli Wang
  • To advance the reform and innovation of physical chemistry and experimental teaching methods, this study explores the application of reverse teaching practices, focusing on chemical reaction kinetics. Utilizing the Understanding by Design (UbD) framework, the course design incorporates pre-setting learning objectives, establishing an evaluation system, and creating structured teaching segments to achieve efficient instruction. This reverse teaching practice not only enhances students’ self-directed learning and abilities in political thought, inquiry, and innovation but also aids in the construction of their knowledge systems. Additionally, it facilitates the transfer of knowledge, skills, principles, and attitudes, offering a novel approach to talent cultivation in higher education.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 79-86. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403048
  • Design and Practice of Integrating Ideological and Political Education into Instrumental Analysis Course Based on OBE Concept: Introduction
  • Linlin Guo, Jinjun Zhang, Chengpeng Miao, Bojing Liu, Xiaozhen Fan
  • Guided by the Outcome-Based Education (OBE) concept, student-centered teaching in the instrumental analysis course integrates ideological and political education into teaching practice, thereby returning the ideological and political education of the course to its original source. Taking the introduction chapter as an example, ideological and political education is integrated into the pre-class, in-class, and post-class teaching stages, closely combining teaching and learning, as well as in-class and out-of-class activities. The scientific spirit and scientific thinking are comprehensively implemented throughout the entire teaching process, making students the main body of ideological and political learning and practice in the curriculum, and constructing a learning and ideological and political closed loop. Based on the consistency between the OBE concept and the goal of ideological and political education, we aim to achieve the teaching goal of integrating knowledge transmission, ability cultivation, and value shaping, thus improving the teaching effectiveness and quality of the curriculum.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 87-95. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403001
  • Reconstruction and Practice of the Teaching Content of “Carbon Group Elements” in Inorganic Chemistry to Reflect Comprehensive Education Function
  • Yajun Jian, Quanguo Zhai, Quan Gu, Shengli Gao
  • The teaching content of Carbon Group Elements has been reconstructed based on the principles of integrating ‘structure-property-application-preparation’ and the organic integration of ‘professionalism-competence-quality'. This has been achieved by perfecting the teaching content, incorporating the frontiers of the discipline, restoring the history of chemistry, integrating ideological and political elements into the curriculum, setting open-ended reflection questions, and introducing online teaching. The reconstructed course embodies “high level, innovation and challenge”, realizing the comprehensive educative function of the Inorganic Chemistry course.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 96-107. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403006
  • Teaching Reformation and Case Study for “Chemical Process Development and Design” Based on “Just-in-Time” Dynamic and Accurate Matching Industrial Needs
  • Manman Jin, Zhiguo Lv, Qingtao Niu
  • Chemical industry serves as both a foundational and pillar sector of the national economy, with chemical process development and design playing a crucial role in chemical production. This process is essential for restructuring industries, optimizing industrial layouts, enhancing independent innovation capabilities, and advancing circular economy. This paper proposes an innovative teaching model based on “Just-in-Time” approach, focusing on dynamically and precisely aligning with industrial needs. The green catalytic oxidation of cyclopentene to glutaric acid is presented as a case study to reform the teaching of “Chemical Process Development and Design” course. Additionally, a dynamic adjustment mechanism has been developed to align university chemical engineering curricula more closely with industry demands, aiming to provide references for the school-enterprise collaborative education.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 108-116. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403030
  • Reconstructing the “Fundamentals of Coordination Chemistry” in Inorganic Chemistry Course
  • Quanguo Zhai, Peng Zhang, Wenyu Yuan, Ying Wang, Shu'ni Li, Mancheng Hu, Shengli Gao
  • The top-notch teaching content requires the integration of “knowledge, ability, and quality”. As the main chapter of “Inorganic Chemistry”, the teaching content of “Fundamentals of Coordination Chemistry” should break through the long-standing rigid framework and build a new curriculum design that reflects the combination of “professionalism, ability, and quality”. A new curriculum design should be built to reflect the scientific and accurate fundamental concepts, the ability to apply knowledge, and the improvement of scientific literacy at a high level, innovation, and challenge. It is proposed to change the chapter title to “Fundamentals and Applications of Coordination Compounds” and expand the contents into 6 modules. The reconstruction of teaching content should keep pace with the times while ensuring the basic knowledge structure, highlighting the latest theories, research results, frontiers, and practical achievements in the development of coordination chemistry. At the same time, it should highlight the “alignment and joint development of professionalism and ideological education” and fully play the role of the course in nurturing people, promoting the students’ academic development from all aspects of professionalism, ability, and quality.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 117-130. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403065
Survey of Chemistry
  • Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity of Radicals
  • Lei Shi
  • Radical philicity and polar effects are key concepts underpinning radical reactivity and selectivity. In general, the radical species can be divided into two classes, namely, electrophilic and nucleophilic, on the basis of its reactivity, atom electronegativity, and stability of the resulting species through electron gain or loss. In this article we aim to establish guidelines for understanding radical philicity from different carbon-centered and heteroatom-centered radicals and we accompany our discussion with representative synthetic examples.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 131-135. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402018
  • Progress in Selective Construction of Functional Aromatics from Nitrogenous Cycloalkanes
  • Yunhao Zhang, Yinuo Wang, Siran Wang, Dazhen Xu
  • Nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds are ubiquitous in nature. They often exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, chemists have been studying on the preparation of them for a long time as well as developing various methods for their derivatization. Recently, the direct oxidation of nonaromatic cyclicsubstrates to prepare selectively substituted aromatics has been one of research focuses. In which, the functionalized aromatics could be obtained via C—C, C—N, C—S and C—Se bonds formation without the directing groups in one step. This paper reviews the recent progress in the construction of functional quinoline and indole by this method, and proposes future development prospects in this field.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 136-145. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401083
  • Research Progress on the Simultaneous Construction of C—O and C—X Bonds via 1,2-Difunctionalization of Olefins through Radical Pathways
  • Danqing Wu, Jiajun Liu, Tianyu Li, Dazhen Xu, Zhiwei Miao
  • The 1,2-difunctionalization of olefins via radical pathways is a crucial method in organic synthesis for the direct formation of C—X (X = C, N, O, etc.) bonds from olefins. This approach offers several advantages, including high regioselectivity, step economy, and atom economy, making it compatible with the principles of green chemistry. The development of simple and efficient methods for constructing carbon-oxygen bonds is a significant area of interest in organic chemistry due to the prevalence of organic functional compounds containing these bonds. This review summarizes the recent progress in constructing carbon-oxygen bonds concurrently with carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-halogen bonds. Additionally, the article discusses the future directions for research in this field.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 146-157. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403087
  • Research Progress in Enantioselective Synthesis of Axial Chiral Compounds
  • Xilin Zhao, Xingyu Tu, Zongxuan Li, Rui Dong, Bo Jiang, Zhiwei Miao
  • Axially chiral compounds possess unique chiral structures and have significant applications across diverse fields such as asymmetric catalysis, pharmaceuticals, optoelectronic materials, and natural products. In recent years, substantial advancements have been achieved in the enantioselective synthesis of these compounds. Beyond the conventional C—C and C—N axial chiral compounds, notable breakthroughs have been realized in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds featuring N—N, C—S, C—O, and C—B axes. This review summarizes the recent progress in the asymmetric synthesis of various axially chiral compounds and discusses future directions in this research area.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 158-173. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403106
  • Research Progress of Aflatoxins Removal by Modern Optical Methods
  • Yuyang Xu, Ruying Yang, Yanzhe Zhang, Yandong Liu, Keyi Li, Zehui Wei
  • Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus fungi, which are easily generated during the transportation and storage of food, medicinal materials, and other products. These toxins have high carcinogenic effects on humans and animals, making them a global safety hazard. Researchers have long been developing various effective strategies to degrade aflatoxins in food and medicinal materials, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques. Among these, optical radiation elimination method has garnered significant attention due to their simple operation, low cost, high elimination efficiency, and non-destructive nature. This paper reviews the application of modern optical methods in the removal of aflatoxins, including ultraviolet, infrared, pulsed strong light, photocatalysis, plasma techniques, providing a reference for the development of efficient, convenient, safe, and controllable aflatoxins removal methods.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 174-181. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402064
Science Education
  • Design and Fabrication of Phospholipid-Vesicle-based Artificial Cells towards Biomedical Applications
  • Shuyu Liu, Xiaomin Sun, Bohan Song, Gaofeng Zeng, Bingbing Du, Chongshen Guo, Cong Wang, Lei Wang
  • “Can a cell be artificially synthesized?” This question stands among the 125 major scientific inquiries highlighted by the journal Science in 2021. To unravel the mysteries of the origin of life and address the fundamental scientific challenges, scientists have developed artificial cells as biomimetic materials mimicking the structure and functions of biological cells. Delving into artificial cells not only aids in understanding cellular mechanisms but also bridges the gap between non-living and living systems, offering insights and foundations for research into the origin of life and related fields. Phospholipid vesicles, particularly widely applied as artificial cells, hold vast potential in biomedical applications. This article, inspired by the classic tale of “Journey to the West”, narrates how phospholipid vesicles, aided by the Monkey King’s keen vision, combat cancer cells. It details the design, preparation, functionalities, and therapeutic applications of phospholipid-vesicle-based artificial cells, aiming to enhance readers’ understanding and stimulate further exploration of this transformative technology.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 182-188. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404113
  • A Journey beyond “Alum”
  • Qiuyu Xiang, Chunhua Qu, Guang Xu, Yafei Yang, Yue Xia
  • Vitriols, such as potassium alum, green vitriol, and blue vitriol, have been used in various aspects of human life and chemical practices for centuries. This article guides readers through a story exploring the diverse roles of these substances in water purification, food processing, sterilization, dyeing, acid production, and medicine. It highlights the chemical reactions involved and the potential hazards of improper use. Through this exploration, readers will gain an understanding of vitriols and their significant impact on society, illustrating the close relationship between chemistry and everyday life.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 189-195. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404094
Chemistry Laboratory
  • Comprehensive Experimental Design for the Photochemical Synthesis, Analysis, and Characterization of Difluoropyrroles
  • Tingting Yu, Si Chen, Lianglong Sun, Tongtong Shi, Kai Sun, Xin Wang
  • Photochemical synthesis technology has gained attention in the field of synthetic chemistry due to its mild reaction conditions, simple equipment, and utilization of light energy. However, photochemical synthesis experiments are rarely incorporated into undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory courses. Fluorine-containing nitrogen heterocycles are widely present in natural products and bioactive molecules, serving as important intermediates in organic synthesis. Based on our team’s recent research achievements, a comprehensive experiment for the photochemical synthesis of difluoropyrroles has been designed. This experiment encompasses the preparation of substrates and products, structural characterization, and analysis of photochemical synthesis. It aims to enhance students’ skills in organic synthesis and structural analysis, while also sparking their interest in organic chemistry experiments. Furthermore, it plays a significant role in cultivating students’ innovative consciousness and promoting the concept of “green synthesis” by incorporating scientific research outcomes into organic chemistry laboratory teaching.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 196-203. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401022
  • Electrochemical Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides
  • Linbao Zhang, Weisi Guo, Shuwen Wang, Ran Song, Ming Li
  • Electrochemical synthesis is a green, efficient, and sustainable organic synthesis scheme, but its application in undergraduate basic experiments has not been effectively promoted. Sulfoxide compounds are commonly found in functional organic compounds and are also widely used in natural drugs or materials. The research on the synthesis methods of sulfoxide compounds has always been a hot topic in the field of organic synthesis, but traditional methods have many shortcomings. We have developed an electrochemical scheme for selectively oxidizing sulfides to sulfoxides, where sodium chloride plays a dual role: (1) as an electrolyte; (2) as a redox mediator.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 204-209. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401009
  • Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Safinamide Methanesulfonate
  • Yuena Yu, Fang Fang
  • This study focuses on the design of a teaching experiment of synthesizing safinamide methanesulfonate, a drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Starting from 4-(3-fluorobenzyloxy)benzaldehyde, the microwave synthesis technique was employed in a reductive amination strategy to rapidly and efficiently obtain the target product through three consecutive reactions. The product’s structure and purity were confirmed through NMR, melting point, and specific rotation analysis. This experiment not only enhances students’ organic synthesis skills but also emphasizes the integration of knowledge across disciplines.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 210-216. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401076
  • Preparation and Electro-Oxidation Performance of PtBi Supported on Carbon Cloth: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemical Experiment
  • Xiaomei Ning, Liang Zhan, Xiaosong Zhou, Jin Luo, Xunfu Zhou, Cuifen Luo
  • In this experiment, we prepared, characterized, and utilized PtBi supported on carbon cloth as a self-supporting electrode for electro-oxidation applications. The aim was to promote the integration of science and education and foster the development of innovative talents. Through this experiment, students can gain a better understanding of electrochemical devices and energy conversion in Physical Chemistry, as well as catalyst performance evaluation criteria. It also aims to stimulate students’ interest in scientific research and equip them with essential laboratory skills such as the preparation, characterization, and electrochemical testing of nanomaterials. This experiment aims to enhance students’ scientific literacy and improve their ability to analyze performance data, comprehend electro-oxidation reaction processes, and understand electrode processes using electrochemical and kinetic concepts.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 217-224. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401085
  • Silver-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Minisci Reaction: Developing a Teaching Experiment Suitable for Undergraduates
  • Yuanyi Lu, Jun Zhao, Hongshuang Li
  • The substitution of heteroaromatics by nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals is known as the Minisci reaction. In this study, efficient synthesis of 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)butan-2-one was achieved through radical alkylation between 1-methylcyclopropan-1-ol and benzo[d]thiazole under silver-catalyzed and aqueous conditions. This method offers advantages such as simple operation procedures, mild reaction conditions, and excellent atom-economy. Undergraduates have successfully validated this reaction, making it a suitable candidate for a teaching experiment that effectively supplements knowledge in radical chemistry.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 225-231. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202401088
  • Integration of Science and Education: Investigation of Tributyl Citrate Synthesis under the Promotion of Hydrate Molten Salts for Research and Innovation Training
  • Jinghua Wang, Yanxin Yu, Yanbiao Ren, Yesheng Wang
  • Research and innovation training is a compulsory course for undergraduate students in science and engineering disciplines, offering a comprehensive application of theoretical knowledge in scientific research. It plays a crucial role in developing students’ abilities to bridge theory and practice, design research projects, and independently analyze and solve problems. This study applies the synthesis of tributyl citrate in hydrate molten salts to research and innovation training, guiding students through the entire process of project design, including research background, project proposal, experimental methodology, and result analysis. By conducting this research, students have demonstrated significant improvements in their comprehensive application abilities, problem-solving skills, and independent research capabilities, achieving the desired objectives. Moreover, the study has identified the optimal process conditions and promotion mechanism of tributyl citrate in hydrate molten salts, establishing a theoretical foundation for industrial production. This integration of teaching and scientific research serves as a mutually beneficial approach and deserves wider adoption in research and innovation training.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 232-240. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402057
  • Enhancing the Advanced Nature of Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory Courses with New Research Findings: A Case Study of the Application of Berberine Hydrochloride in Photodynamic Antimicrobial Films
  • Lijuan Wang, Yuping Ning, Jian Li, Sha Luo, Xiongfei Luo, Ruiwen Wang
  • Natural products chemistry experiment courses are vital practical part built upon theoretical foundations. However, these verification-focused experiments lack depth and hinder the development of students’ comprehensive abilities. To address this issue, we proposed integrating new scientific research findings into the design of comprehensive experiments, incorporating the concept of “double carbon”, and enhancing the depth of the course. In this experiment, we introduced cutting-edge research on photodynamic antimicrobial food packaging films with high fluorescence intensity into natural product chemistry experiments. Specifically, we incorporated berberine hydrochloride, a naturally occurring aggregation-induced emission agent, with phytic acid to create a salt that was added to the food packaging film, resulting in a photodynamic antimicrobial film with strong fluorescence. This experiment combined the fields of natural product chemistry, aggregation-induced emission, and food microbiology, and encouraged students to become familiar with the research process of theory-experiment-characterization-analysis. Through this integration, students could enrich their comprehensive knowledge, strengthen their practical skills, and foster their innovation consciousness, thus contributing to the cultivation of top talents in the field of forest chemical industry.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 241-250. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403017
  • Synthesis of an Efficient Absorbent Gel: A Recommended Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment
  • Haoxiang Zhang, Zhihan Zhao, Yongchen Jin, Zhiqiang Niu, Jinlei Tian
  • Absorbent hydrogel is currently a focal point in scientific research due to its excellent water absorption and retention properties. It is widely utilized in various fields such as medical, hygiene, agriculture, and environmental protection for applications including dressings, diapers, moisturizers, and plant cultivation substrates. This experiment employs acrylic acid and acrylamide as monomers to prepare an innovative hydrogel towel via photo-initiated free radical polymerization. The resulting hydrogel towel exhibits superior mechanical properties, including easy folding and cutting, along with traditional hydrogel’s high water absorbency. Additionally, the experiment incorporates scanning electron microscopy for characterization, providing students with practical experience in instrumental analysis relevant to undergraduate comprehensive chemical laboratories. Furthermore, the creation of vibrant, colorful transparent hydrogels through dye adsorption experiments not only enhances the visual appeal of the project but also serves to ignite students’ interest and passion for chemistry.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 251-258. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202401084
  • Study on Extraction of p-Hydroxyacetophenone
  • Lihui Jiang, Wanrong Dong, Hua Yang, Yongqing Xia, Hongjian Peng, Jun Yuan, Xiaoqian Hu, Zihan Zeng, Yingping Zou, Yiming Luo
  • For the organic chemistry extraction experiments in some universities, the aqueous phenol solution (5 wt%) is normally extracted by ethyl acetate. However, phenol has moderate toxicity and corrosiveness, and it volatilizes easily during experimental operations such as extraction, organic phase drying and distillation solvent recovery. To promote greener laboratory practices and reduce the exposure to toxic compounds for both students and experimental mentors, as well as the environmental impact of phenol, the p-hydroxyacetophenone is selected to replace phenol for the lab course in the present work. The p-hydroxyacetophenone is a natural compound, which is widely used as additive in skincare cosmetics. The saturated aqueous solution of p-hydroxyacetophenone is prepared and extracted by the ethyl acetate or dichloromethane. The process of demulsify during the extraction process has been introduced and showed. Furthermore, the extraction efficiencies of these two solvents are compared.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 259-268. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402056
  • Ideological and Political Education Design for Research-Oriented Experimental Course of Highly Efficient Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis in Aerospace Perspective
  • Shuang Yang, Qun Wang, Caiqin Miao, Ziqi Geng, Xinran Li, Yang Li, Xiaohong Wu
  • The electrolysis of water is a crucial technology for extraterrestrial in situ resource utilization in the aerospace sector. Scientific research with unique university characteristics plays a vital role in fostering talent development. Adhering to the principle of integrating science and education, this study combines aerospace-focused scientific research with undergraduate teaching to design a research-oriented experimental course. The approach involves using a two-step method of hydrothermal oxidation and high-temperature phosphidation to fabricate nickel foam self-supported bimetallic phosphide electrodes with ultra-hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic surfaces suitable for the microgravity environment of aerospace space. The performance of hydrogen production from electrolyzed water is investigated. Additionally, relevant thermodynamic concepts from undergraduate physical chemistry courses are incorporated to engage students actively, encourage independent exploration, facilitate the construction of knowledge on extraterrestrial water electrolysis, and uphold the spirit of aerospace patriotism.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 269-277. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403044
  • Quantitative Computational Study on the Claisen Rearrangement Reaction of Allyl Phenyl Ethers: An Introduction to a Computational Chemistry Experiment
  • Tingbo Wang, Yao Luo, Bingyan Hu, Ruiyuan Liu, Jing Miao, Huizhe Lu
  • The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3]-σ rearrangement of allyl ethers or aryl allyl ethers under thermal conditions, leading to the formation of γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones or ortho-para-allylphenols. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) within the Gaussian 16 software to perform a quantitative analysis of the Claisen rearrangement of allyl phenyl ether under heating conditions. Through the practice of this experiment, our aim is to deepen students’ understanding of the transition state structure of the Claisen rearrangement reaction, promote the application of computational chemistry tools to solve chemical problems, and enhance students’ practical and innovative abilities in learning and scientific research.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 278-285. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403082
  • Reform of Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Experiments in the Context of Emerging Engineering Education: A Case Study on the Improved Preparation of Benzocaine
  • Guodong Xu, Chengcai Sheng, Xiaomeng Zhao, Tuojiang Zhang, Zongtang Liu, Jun Dong
  • In the context of emerging engineering education, chemistry courses emphasize not only the development of students’ solid foundational skills in chemistry but also the integration of multidisciplinary knowledge to foster an innovative scientific spirit. “The Preparation of Benzocaine” is a classic undergraduate experiment in comprehensive organic chemistry. However, the original reaction procedure involves the generation of substantial waste acid during esterification, a cumbersome and time-consuming reduction step, and lacks engagement. To enhance efficiency, environmental friendliness, expansiveness and exploratory nature of the experiment, cutting-edge scientific advancements have been integrated into the preparation reaction. In the improved experiment, a deep eutectic solvent is utilized as a catalyst in the esterification reaction, which is recyclable and environmentally friendly. For the reduction step, tetrahydroxydiboron serves as the reducing agent and 4,4’-bipyridine as the catalyst, enabling the reaction to take place at room temperature with a noticeable color change, thereby making it engaging. This improved experiment not only stimulates students’ interest in learning, but also improves students’ scientific research literacy, and cultivates students’ green chemistry concept, independent thinking, and problem-solving skills.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 286-295. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403094
  • Analysis of Halogenated Quinone Compounds in Environmental Water by Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction with Liquid Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
  • Yanhui Zhong, Ran Wang, Zian Lin
  • This experiment aims to analyze halogenated quinone compounds in environmental water samples using dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) combined with liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five types of halogenated quinone compounds were used as analytes, and a cationic covalent organic framework material was employed as the solid-phase adsorbent to concentrate the target compounds from the water samples. Subsequently, the enriched compounds were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis by using LC-MS/MS. The experiment systematically examined the impact of various parameters on the experimental results, including the amount of the adsorbent, enrichment time, elution time, types of elution solvent, acidity of the elution solvent, and elution volume. A novel approach based on dSPE was developed. The method exhibited favorable linearity (with a correlation coefficient of R2 ≥ 0.9924) in the range of 0.1-100 ng·L-1, with detection limits ranging from 0.03-0.65 ng·L-1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of halogenated quinone compounds in tap water samples. This experiment helps students understand fundamental sample preparation techniques and enhances their practical skills, research capabilities, and problem-solving abilities.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 296-303. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402017
  • Multi-Level Teaching Design and Practice Exploration of Raman Spectroscopy Experiment
  • Zhaoyue Lü, Zhehao Chen, Yi Ni, Duanbin Luo, Xianfeng Hong
  • The teaching content, requirements and evaluation of Raman spectrum experiment are reformed, exploring multi-level teaching to meet the needs of social development for applied and innovative talents. Specifically, the teaching practice divides Raman spectroscopy experiment into basic experimental teaching and advanced project-based teaching. The basic experiments utilize a three-stage teaching approach——online virtual, offline laboratory, and spectral simulation calculation——creating a unique teaching mode that combines virtual and actual operation, and coordinates experimental and simulation calculations. The project-based exploratory experiments employ Raman spectroscopy to deeply analyze material structures, forming a deep learning mode of “applying what you learn and learning what you use”. The multi-level teaching mode revolutionizes traditional experimental teaching, significantly improves teaching effectiveness and enriches the course with “high-level, innovation and challenging” characteristics.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 304-312. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402047
  • Core-Shell Structured Covalent Organic Framework-Coated Silica Microspheres as Mixed-Mode Stationary Phase for High Performance Liquid Chromatography
  • Fan Wu, Wenchang Tian, Jin Liu, Qiuting Zhang, YanHui Zhong, Zian Lin
  • This experiment aims to design novel stationary phases for efficient separation of various analytes and apply them in teaching experiments. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were coated onto silica microspheres to synthesize core-shell structured composites (SiO2@COF), which were then employed as a mixed-mode stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thanks to the excellent properties of the covalent organic framework, the alkylbenzenes, anilines, phenols, sulfonamides, nucleosides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were well separated on the SiO2@COF packed column. In addition, the SiO2@COFETTA-Td stationary phase was successfully applied in the separation of phthalates, antiepileptic drugs, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5, further demonstrating its potential for the separation and analysis of complex biological samples. Through this experiment, students can master the operation of HPLC, deepen and consolidate their understanding of chromatography, grasp the principles of core-shell stationary phase separation, and improve their scientific thinking and innovation abilities.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 319-326. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403031
  • Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for Disease Marker Screening and Identification: A Comprehensive Experiment Teaching Reform in Instrumental Analysis
  • Zian Lin, Yingxue Jin
  • This study aims to develop an innovative open-ended exploratory experiment that integrates research into undergraduate laboratory teaching by utilizing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) technology for disease biomarker screening and identification. In this experiment, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) was chosen as the organic matrix, and an initial investigation examined the effect of different sampling methods on experimental results. The suitability of the matrix was further validated using five different small metabolic molecules. Specific serum metabolic fingerprints (SMPs) were then extracted from healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular diseases. By applying multivariate statistical analysis to large-scale data, a MALDI-MS platform was developed for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, successfully distinguishing between healthy individuals and patients. The goal of this approach is to create an open and exploratory platform that combines experimental teaching with scientific research, enabling students to learn and master the principles, operations, and data analysis techniques of MALDI-MS while enhancing their research innovation capabilities and comprehensive thinking skills.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 327-334. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403066
  • Experimental Design and Practice for Recycling and Nickel Content Detection from Waste Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
  • Kuaibing Wang, Honglin Zhang, Wenjie Lu, Weihua Zhang
  • This new experimental design aims to develop an environmental protection concept based on the recycling of waste batteries, integrating inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry and analytical chemistry experiment system. It merges nickel-metal hydride battery recycling, secondary energy storage application with nickel ion analysis and detection, deepening students' understanding of basic chemistry experiment principles and expanding innovative thinking. In terms of secondary energy storage, cobalt-containing nickel hydroxide from nickel-metal hydride battery recycling solution and commercial activated carbon were selected as positive and negative electrode materials, respectively. The energy storage capacity of the device was verified by assembling the button cell. Chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry were used to evaluate the performance of the button device at different current densities and different sweep rates. Meanwhile, multiple sets of button cells in series are used to light small bulbs to verify their practical application. In the aspect of nickel ion detection, spectrophotometry is used to quantitatively detect nickel ion content. Through the joint design and analysis of experiments, students can realize the potential application prospects of new energy technologies and fully understand the recycling of energy-storage devices and detection analyses, and thus cultivate innovation and environmental awareness.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 335-341. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403084
  • Preparation and Performance Characterization of the Second Near-Infrared Phototheranostic Probe: A New Design and Teaching Practice of Polymer Chemistry Comprehensive Experiment
  • Qi Wang, Yicong Gao, Feng Lu, Quli Fan
  • Cancer has become one of the most significant threats to humans, and the development of novel phototherapeutic agents for precise diagnosis and efficient treatment of cancer is crucial. This article introduces a new design and teaching practice of a polymer chemistry comprehensive experiment, which involves the preparation process and related performance testing of a novel conjugated polymer based second near-infrared phototheranostic probe. This experiment includes the synthesis of conjugated polymers, preparation of water-soluble nanoparticles, determination of absorption and emission spectra, analysis of photothermal and photodynamic properties as well as second near-infrared fluorescence imaging, and study of the phototoxicity to cancer cells. This experiment has strong scientific and cutting-edge content, which can improve students' experimental operation skills, guide them to apply their learned knowledge for independent thinking, and inspire students' innovation and scientific research thinking.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 342-349. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404141
  • Experimental Teaching Design for the Integration of Scientific Research and Teaching: A Case Study on Organic Electrooxidation
  • Shicheng Yan
  • The integration of scientific research and education in chemistry laboratory teaching is instrumental in advancing educational reforms. By organically combining foundational instruction with research, this approach enhances talent development through practical application. Using the organic oxidation reaction on a Ni(OH)2 electrode as a case study, this course comprises five instructional modules: preparation and characterization of the Ni(OH)2 electrode, investigation of its organic oxidation characteristics, in situ electrochemical determination of the catalytic active center, analysis of charge transfer mechanisms at the electrochemical interface, and first-principles studies of the thermodynamics of organic oxidation. This curriculum spans from macroscopic to microscopic descriptions of electrochemical reaction mechanisms and their in situ characterization techniques. The objective is to deepen students' understanding of relevant electrochemical theories while fostering their scientific research skills and innovative thinking through hands-on experimental learning.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 350-358. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408036
Between Teacher and Student
  • Influence of Hyperconjugation on the Stability and Stable Conformation of Ethane, Hydrazine, and Hydrogen Peroxide
  • Jiaxi Xu, Yuan Ma
  • Ethane, hydrazine, and hydrogen peroxide are three structurally similar substances composed of the elements from the same period with hydrogen, respectively. However, their stability significantly decreases in a sequential manner, and their stable conformations are also dissimilar. These differences have not been explained adequately in the current textbooks. This article provides a possible explanation for the variation in stability among these substances by analyzing their n-σ* hyperconjugation. Additionally, it elucidates the absence of anti-conformation in hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide. The hyperconjugation theory is extended to illustrate and to discuss stability and stable conformation of inorganic compounds.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 374-377. DOI: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202402049
  • The Construction and Application of the Calculation Formula for Endpoint Error in Precipitation Titration: A Case Study of the Mohr Method
  • Tiejun Su
  • Endpoint error is an important topic in analytical chemistry education. Based on the theory of precipitation-dissolution equilibrium and the definition of endpoint error, a general formula for calculating the endpoint error in the Mohr method has been derived. The application of this formula in directly calculating the endpoint error, determining the titration jump range, and determining the minimum required amount of indicator is introduced, and the calculated results are consistent with the literature values. The construction of this formula further improves the new methodological system for calculating endpoint errors, which will effectively promote the development of first-class courses in analytical chemistry.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 384-387. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402039
Self Studies
  • Introducing a Website for Learning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrum Analysis
  • Jinkang Jin, Yidian Sheng, Ping Lu, Zhan Lu
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology is an important tool for chemists to analyze compound structures and purity, especially in organic chemistry research, where it is widely applied. This article introduces an interactive NMR spectrum analysis practice website. By practicing the analysis of real NMR spectra, students can gradually develop an understanding of NMR spectroscopy techniques and learn how to interpret the spectra encountered in their studies and work. Learning and practicing NMR spectrum analysis skills during undergraduate studies will help students smoothly conduct future research work. With the practice website introduced in this article, students can easily choose practice questions of appropriate difficulty level to enhance their learning.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 388-396. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403054
Chemistry Education-International
  • A Comparative Study on Higher Chemistry Education Curriculum between China and the United Kingdom
  • Shiyu Zhang, Jing Cai, Xinran Hou, Qing Zhou
  • Using university chemistry as a case study, this paper compares the differences in curriculum design between China and the UK, analyzes the similarities and disparities in chemistry education, and aims to advance the scientific evolution of chemistry education curriculum design in China. While chemistry majors in China and the UK share similar professional course content, they are delivered to students through different approaches. The varying training objectives and teaching methodologies offer insights for reforming chemistry curriculum in Chinese higher education. This research serves as a reference for curriculum reforms aimed at fostering innovative talents in China and provides guidance for cultivating outstanding scientists from a university education perspective.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 397-405. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202401050
Chemical Olympiad Competition
  • Analysis of Organic Questions in the 37th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (Preliminary)
  • Yong Wang, Yingying Zhao, Boshun Wan
  • From the viewpoint of students’ problem-solving skills, this paper provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of organic questions 9 and 10 in the 37th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (Preliminary). This analysis can help students build their logical thinking skills, which will further improve their learning efficiency in solving organic questions. Meanwhile, by deep understanding of the reaction mechanism, students can experience the scientific thoughts behind the topic and feel the charm and fun of organic chemistry.
  • 2024, 39 (11): 406-416. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403009
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