In this paper, we discussed the basic elements which affect the shape of linear sweep voltammograms in the reaction process on the electrode surface, that is, heterogeneous electron transfer and mass transfer in liquid phase. Derived from the basic definition and principle of voltammetry, the "supply-demand" mode between electron and mass transfer determines the characteristics of voltammograms. A series of voltammetric behaviors under different electrochemical testing conditions were discussed, including conventional electrodes and microelectrodes, reversible and irreversible electrode processes, stationary and rotating disk electrodes, and electrocatalysis. The basic laws that affect the shape of voltammograms provide a reference for understanding the fundamental principles of linear sweep voltammetry and data analysis.

There are many types of organic compounds, which have caused some problems in the teaching of organic chemistry. Understanding the structures of organic compounds, and thereby obtaining clarity on the properties of organic compounds, would improve the efficiency of teaching and learning. In order to understand the structures of organic compounds, it is necessary to be familiar with carbon atom hybridization and bonding in various organic compounds. In this paper, the aforementioned hybridization is briefly summarized in the order of sp, sp², and sp³ hybridization.

In order to bring the concept of green chemistry into basic laboratory teaching and to enhance the exercise on redox reactions, we designed an experiment about the mutual conversion between benzoin and benzaldehyde. In this experiment, benzaldehyde is catalyzed by Vitamin B₁ to be converted to benzoin, then benzoin is reduced with sodium borohydride into 1, 2-diphenyl glycol. Afterwards, the product will be oxidated into benzaldehyde under the catalyzing of new green catalyst NaMnO_x. ¹H NMR was used to authenticate the product in each step of the experiment, and the yield of the oxidation reaction is greater than 90% with HLPC measurement. By completing this cyclic conversion reaction, we conveys the idea of green chemistry to the students, and the students get practice on operating the redox reaction. At the same time, students' cognition and evaluation of chemical reaction can be more complete.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant losses to the global community. The pathogen, called SARSCoV-2, showed high infection rate and certain case-fatality rate, which bring great challenges to treatments. Vaccination is the major way for epidemic prevention which attracts several developers to conduct COVID-19 vaccine studies. This paper presents the design principle of a COVID-19 vaccine and summarizes the latest research progress on vaccine development. The authors hope to provide insights for understanding vaccine study of COVID-19.

Conjugated system, the moiety that the electronic orbitals of adjacent atoms or groups overlap, the electrons delocalize and the bond lengths become average, has special electronic effects, i.e., the conjugate effect that is crucial and difficult in organic chemistry course. It is very important to master the classification and structural characteristics of conjugated systems for understanding the conjugate effect, as well as physical and chemical properties of compounds. However, these have not been systematically discussed in general organic chemistry textbooks and literature. Here, the broad and narrow sense of conjugated systems, the classification and structural characteristics of narrow-sense conjugated system, hyper-conjugated system, through-bond and through-space conjugations were illustrated through the molecular structures of examples and the electronic orbital figures of valence bond and molecular orbital theories.

The tasks from the 33th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (Preliminary Test) were analyzed and solved in detailed step-wise fashion. The requirement for an advanced chemistry knowledge background was loosened in the current tasks; more emphases were placed on the ability of deductive reasoning and comprehensive thinking. In this manuscript not only the systematic analyses for all tasks were provided, but also the readers would be guided to solve the problems by themselves in an intuitive manner. For selected tasks the scientific background and challenging bonus tasks were also introduced.

After the discovery in 2007, polydopamine has drawn much attention to the field of surface modification of the materials. This paper reviews the discovery process of polydopamine and its formation reactive mechanism, which further illustrates the application status of polydopamine in the field of sensing, cancer photothermal therapy, and catalysis, and the outlook of future research and applications.

How to integrate the ideological and political elements into the core courses of chemistry and form the effect of collaborative education is an important task of the current course construction. This paper introduces the experience and thinking of ideological and political education cases design in the course of chemical analysis from the teaching team of analytical chemistry in Hunan University. Based on the teaching characteristics of chemical analysis, the corresponding teaching cases are constructed to reflect the teaching objectives and ideological and political education objectives. At the same time, the universal design ideas in the ideological and political teaching of the course are put forward.

The study aims to help students learn efficiently, summarize systematically, and apply knowledge comprehensively regarding the critical aspects of free radical polymerization. A comprehensive problem was proposed to develop their knowledge-comprehensive-application ability, questioning ability, problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and literature consulting awareness. The comprehensive problem, covering all the important aspects of free radical polymerization, was designed accordingly and assigned as team homework. Herein, a new form of problems in polymer chemistry is being developed, the function of problems in polymer chemistry is expanded, students' minds are being opened, and satisfactory results are being achieved.

For molecules with common geometries, a graphical method of effective overlap between terminal atomic orbitals and the valance-shell orbitals of the central atom was described; the energy adjacencies of these orbitals of the central atom were used to determine which orbitals would participate in orbital hybridization.

Using α-amino acids, aldehydes, isocyanides and alcohols as the starting materials, four components react in one pot at room temperature to obtain naturally unique bioactive alkaloids, 1, 1'-iminodicarboxylic acid derivatives. The reaction process is monitored by thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the products are purified by silica gel column chromatography. The structures are determined by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The reaction is an innovative development of Ugi reaction, which has the characteristics of simple reaction operation, high yield, good stereoselectivity and high atomic economy. It has been widely used in the design and synthesis of new drugs, combinatorial chemistry and natural product synthesis.

Two-dimensional NMR (2D NMR) is an effective tool for analyzing complex organic molecules and accurate assignments of their NMR signals. Herein, we showed three applications of 2D NMR on the structural analysis of complex molecules. Compared with 1D NMR, 2D NMR is advantageous due to the fact that it resolves the overlapped NMR signals much better by presenting those important parameters (chemical shifts and coupling constants, etc.) in two dimensions. In addition, 2D NMR provides the information of mutual-interactions of various nuclei. Therefore, 2D NMR can definitely help students to analyze the complex organic molecules.

This review provides a brief view of the cisplatin's mechanism of action, toxicity and drug resistance of cells, and points out the defects and the developing direction of the anticancer platinum drugs.

This experiment introduced newly developed photo-induced living/controlled radical polymerization technique, particularly reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), which was known as the frontier knowledge in polymer chemistry. Students will find the advantages of photo-induced RAFT polymerization in preparing high-end functionalized polymer through the comparison of photo-induced RAFT polymerization with AIBN initiated RAFT polymerization. The experimental work includes synthesis of regulator, polymerization, separation of polymer, and structure characterization. Students could learn and master skills of design and synthesis of regulator for photo-induced living radical polymerization. They can practice basic laboratory skills, such as organic synthesis and polymerization. Also, they can learn typical characterization techniques of the polymer, which includes gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The aim of this experiment was to enhance the students with creative thinking and to train their fundamental ability for research.

This paper introduces the preparation, purification and structure identification of aspirin, especially the teaching method, purpose and result at distinct stages of the experiment. Through problem-based learning with flipped classroom, students' active learning ability and comprehensive experimental ability was improved. By doing experiments independently and discussing the experiment result in groups, students' ability of independent thinking and cooperation was strengthened.

This paper introduces the geometric assumptions and neglects of the pore size distribution calculated by BJH method, the arithmetic approximation for simplified calculation, the derivation process of each parameter, the calculation steps and key points of the pore size distribution. This paper also introduces the application scope of BJH method at the current instrument level, and how to further integrate the data. In order to get the required analysis and test report, references are provided for the subsequent adjustment of test parameters and improvement of test methods. Some problems often encountered in reading experimental reports are also discussed.

Analytical chemistry has a breadth of audience in colleges and universities, because it is one of the basic courses for most disciplines. As analytical chemistry course starts at the early college year, it will play important influence on the formation of the correct ideological and political opinion of students. The authors made deep exploration on the ideological and political elements in classroom teaching of acid-base titration, complexation titration and Ringbom's equation. The results show that ideological and political elements can be integrated into teaching process if we hold the idea of cultural inheritance and innovation.

Aromaticity is a key concept in organic chemistry. It dated back to Faraday's discovery of benzene in 1825 and Kekulé's famous alternating-double-bond structure of 1865, and is still evolving in recent years. At present, some examples of anti-Hückel's rule have been proposed gradually, including Möbius aromaticity rule and Baird's rule. In particular, scientists put forward new concepts of 3D aromaticity and global aromaticity. This review not only introduces the experimental and theoretical criteria of aromaticity, but also summarizes several new aromaticity systems through porphyrin nanoring, macrocyclic polyradical and polycyclic π-conjugated system. In addition, it covers the applications of aromaticity and briefly discussed recent progress on the concepts of aromaticity.

The adsorption on the solid-liquid interface is important for industry and daily life. To investigate the adsorption process, the adsorption thermodynamics usually are essential. The adsorption thermodynamics are analyzed with the parameters of the change of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS). In this presentation, the different methods for calculation of the adsorption thermodynamics parameters are introduced. Moreover, examples for calculations and applications of the adsorption thermodynamics are presented.

This paper analyzes and compares the structure of cubic diamond and hexagonal diamond, and emphasizes the structural differences between cubic crystal and hexagonal crystal. The template of tetrahedral four coordination and tetrahedral four coordination coupling with linear two coordination crystal structure is established based on the diamond structure, and employed to analyze the material with similar structure.

A good way to understand the complex structures and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 is from the perspective of chemistry. The basic components, structures, and replication processes of SARS-CoV-2 are described in a firstperson perspective to elucidate the essential role of intermolecular forces in living organisms.

To comprehensively improve the patriotic feelings, social responsibility, scientific literacy, innovation awareness and comprehensive ability of students in chemistry, we have extensively explored the elements of course ideology and politics in the organic chemistry laboratory. The design concept and specific cases of the course ideology and politics are introduced.

In the study, we introduced a new organic fluorescence molecule into organic laboratory teaching. A novel course content about fluorescent dimethylaminosylstyrylbenzoxazole was designed. The clear proton response properties of the product can be observed directly. The experiment has many advantages, including new reaction mechanisms, low laboratory risk, simple in operation, observable process changes, and good environmental friendliness. Furthermore, this laboratory course can be divided into a series of unites, which is suitable for different lab teaching time requirements. According to the experiment. We have received good teaching effects. This experiment not only cultivates student's basic operation and comprehensive ability, but also stimulates students' research interest.

Amides are one of the most important classes of compounds that widely exist in bioactive molecules such as peptides and alkaloids. They also have important applications in various fields such as chemical engineering, dyes and pharmaceutical development. Therefore, studying the synthesis and structural identification of amide compounds is of great significance. Due to the delocalization of lone pair electrons from the nitrogen atom of amide compounds to the carbonyl group (C＝O), the C—N bond in the amide RCO—N exhibits partial double bond properties, preventing free rotation and resulting in complex nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum (¹H NMR). This article summarizes the characteristics of ¹H NMR spectra of amides and discusses some factors influencing amide isomerization. This article will cultivate students' ability to analyze the ¹H NMR of amides and deepen their understanding and knowledge of amide compounds.

In the teaching process of organic chemistry, ideological and political education is often ignored because of the importance of knowledge. In this paper, "Ideological and political" elements were dug deep and designed. The life of scientists can cultivate students' innovative spirit and scientific spirit and help them establish a correct outlook on life and values. The representative achievements of Chinese scientists are important materials for deepening the passion of the country. The humanism of scientific and technological help to inspire students' scientific interests. The knowledge system of the course cultivates students' scientific thinking and establishes a strict scientific attitude. Both aims of "teaching" and "education" could be realized in higher education through integration of the ideological and political education with the content.

With the improvement of environmental protection consciousness, the photopolymerization technology has greatly developed over the past ten years due to its high efficiency and environmental protection, and become one of the most advanced technologies. In the present paper, the kinds and related initiating mechanisms of photoinitiators as the key component in photopolymerization system were discussed, and furthermore the progress of photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization in the recent years was reviewed.

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is one of the most important electrochemical research methods; however, many instrumental analysis textbooks only briefly discuss CV operating principles.The electrode reaction processes are not discussed in-depth; consequently, students can lack the necessary skills to interpret CV curves. This study analyzed the electrode processes to determine the changes in the concentration of electroactive materials at the electrode/interface. Furthermore, the characteristics of the CV curve and the effect of concentration and scanning speed on the CV curve are also described. Finally, the philosophical principles contained in CV are discussed. This study can provide reference information for both peer teaching and student learning.

Electrophilic substitution reaction, especially electrophilic aromatic substitution, is a common and basic organic reaction. In the reaction, the substituents on the aromatic ring affect the rate of further substitution, as well as the orientation of new groups. In this paper we describe an insight into electrophilic substitution reaction from the view of spectroscopy. We utilize the data of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to disclose how the substituents affect electron cloud of the aromatic ring, and further affect the reactivity and the position of substitution. The paper would inspire students in their study and research.

The Limit of Detection and Sensitivity of analytical methods are two basic parameters for evaluating analytical methods. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) clearly recommends their definitions. However, both of them are still somewhat confused in some textbooks and research papers of analytical chemistry. Here, the definitions of both Limit of Detection and Sensitivity are clearly presented and the influence factors on Limit of Detection and Sensitivity of modern analytical methods are discussed. Some strategies to improve the Limit of Detection and the Sensitivity are proposed.

Based on the existing single fountain experiment of ammonia and hydrogen chloride, this experiment designed a continuous operation to integrate the preparation, collection, inspection, exhaust gas treatment, gas reaction, fountain experiment and reagent reuse of the two gases. The experimental principle of the fountain colors includes the coordination reaction of ammonia molecule with copper ion, the precipitation reaction of ammonia water and cobalt chloride solution, the color change reaction of leucophenolic phenolic solution, and acidic reaction of ferric chloride and potassium thiocyanate under acidic conditions. The main apparatus of this experiment was designed and customized by the team, and the operation of the experiment is very simple. The use of glass pistons can control the order of the fountains, thus achieving fountains of various colors. At the same time, with the formation of ammonium chloride, white smoke will be produced, and the colorful fountains are as inlaid in the white clouds, which is spectacular. In addition, we have designed a multi-angle interactive communication program that can transfer multiple levels of knowledge to different audiences, open their minds, and let visitors truly feel the charm of chemistry.