大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (8): 443-452.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508019

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热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律的综合计算

孟祥珍, 李川, 程东, 蔡昌武, 王新运   

  1. 巢湖学院化学与材料工程学院, 安徽 合肥 238000
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-05 录用日期:2025-09-30 发布日期:2026-08-25
  • 通讯作者: 孟祥珍 E-mail:mxzcd79@163.com Xiangzhen Meng
  • 基金资助:
    安徽省质量工程传统专业改造提升项目(2022zygzts071)；安徽省教学研究项目(2024jyxm0467,2022jyxm1058)；巢湖学院化工原理教学创新团队项目(x24jxtd03)

Comprehensive calculation of the First Law and Second Law of thermodynamics

Xiangzhen Meng, Chuan Li, Dong Cheng, Changwu Cai, Xinyun Wang   

  1. School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Chaohu University, Hefei 238000, Anhui Province, China
  • Received:2025-08-05 Accepted:2025-09-30 Published:2026-08-25
  • Contact: Xiangzhen Meng E-mail:mxzcd79@163.com

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摘要： 在教学中发现，热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律的综合计算给学生带来困难，本文从过程类型和过程可逆性两方面破解难题。根据始终状态差异判断是简单变化过程、相变过程还是化学变化过程。根据等温过程、等压过程、等容过程、绝热过程等，推导W、Q、△U、△H、△S、△A、△G的计算公式。相同始终态可逆过程和不可逆过程W、Q不同，△U、△H、△S、△A、△G相同。希望文中介绍的解题思路和解题方法能给学生带来帮助。

关键词: 热力学定律, 过程类型, 可逆过程, 综合计算

Abstract: In teaching, it is found that the comprehensive calculation of the first law and the second law of thermodynamics causes difficulties for students. The problem can be solved from the two aspects of process type and process reversibility in this article. According to the difference of initial and final states, it is judged whether it is a simple change process, a phase change process or a chemical change process. Based on isothermal process, isobaric process, isochoric process, adiabatic process, etc., the calculation formulas of W, Q, △U, △H, △S, △A, △G are derived. For the same initial and final states, the W and Q of reversible and irreversible processes are different, while △U, △H, △S, △A, △G are the same. The problem-solving ideas and methods introduced in this article are expected to be helpful to students.

Key words: Laws of thermodynamics, Process classification, Reversible process, Comprehensive calculation