大学化学

上一篇    下一篇

热功转化的极限在哪里？——卡诺热机的热力学原理与现实启示

舒凤远, 曾晖, 胡胜楠, 元辛   

  1. 中山大学化学工程与技术学院, 广东 珠海 519082
  • 收稿日期:2026-07-13 录用日期:2026-09-03
  • 通讯作者: 胡胜楠, 元辛 E-mail:hushn6@mail.sysu.edu.cn;yuanx29@mail.sysu.edu.cn Shengnan Hu, Xin Yuan
  • 基金资助:
    中山大学 2026 年校级教学质量与教学改革工程项目(科产教融合实践教学基地-中山大学化工学院/佛山日化新材料科产教融合实践教学基地； 校区特色通识课程-力与文明：从牛顿到人工智能的科学思维之旅； 项目制课程-化工设备机械基础项目制课程)

Where does the limit of heat–work conversion lie? — thermodynamic principles and practical implications of the Carnot heat engine

Fengyuan Shu, Hui Zeng, Shengnan Hu, Xin Yuan   

  1. School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, Guangdong Province, China
  • Received:2026-07-13 Accepted:2026-09-03
  • Contact: Shengnan Hu, Xin Yuan E-mail:hushn6@mail.sysu.edu.cn;yuanx29@mail.sysu.edu.cn

PDF

0

赞

摘要： 以某大学社团参观火力发电厂后对热机效率的疑问为切入点，引出卡诺热机与热功转化极限的核心问题。通过追溯热机发展的历史脉络，拆解卡诺热机的理想模型，从热力学第二定律与熵增原理的底层逻辑出发，系统阐释了热功转化存在极限的本质原因。结合现实中各类热机的效率现状，纠正了“技术进步可实现100%热功转化”的常见误解，并探讨了这一科学规律对能源利用、双碳战略及科学思维培养的启示。

关键词: 卡诺热机, 热功转化, 热力学第二定律, 熵增, 能量品质

Abstract: Starting from students’ questions about thermal efficiency after a university club’s visit to a thermal power plant, this paper introduces the core issues of the Carnot heat engine and the limits of heat– work conversion. By tracing the historical development of heat engines and analyzing the ideal model of the Carnot heat engine, it systematically explains the fundamental reasons why heat–work conversion has inherent limits, based on the second law of thermodynamics and the principle of entropy increase. In light of the actual efficiency of various heat engines in practice, it corrects the common misconception that technological advances can achieve 100% heat–work conversion, and discusses the implications of this scientific law for energy utilization, the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, and the cultivation of scientific thinking.

Key words: Carnot heat engine, Heat–work conversion, Second law of thermodynamics, Entropy increase, Energy quality