大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (9): 412-420.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509036

师生笔谈 上一篇    下一篇

原子模型的松紧规律及其应用

徐士宸1, 吕桐亮2, 魏玮3, 许颜清1, 李晖1   

  1. 1 北京理工大学化学与化工学院, 北京 100081;
    2 北京理工大学徐特立学院, 北京 100081;
    3 首都师范大学化学系, 北京 100048
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-09 录用日期:2025-11-06 发布日期:2026-09-01
  • 通讯作者: 许颜清 E-mail:xyq@bit.edu.cn Yanqing Xu
  • 基金资助:
    北京理工大学教育教学建设项目——“《环境安全与绿色化学(双语)》慕课持续改进”

Alternation rule of looseness and tightness for the atomic model and its applications

Shichen Xu1, Tongliang Lü2, Wei Wei3, Yanqing Xu1, Hui Li1   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
    2 Xuteli School, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
    3 Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
  • Received:2025-09-09 Accepted:2025-11-06 Published:2026-09-01
  • Contact: Yanqing Xu E-mail:xyq@bit.edu.cn

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摘要： 基于量子力学基本原理，本文系统阐述了原子模型松紧规律的理论框架及其在解释周期反常现象中的独特价值。通过改进的Slater规则计算屏蔽常数，解释了电子层交替呈现“紧-松-紧-松”状态的内在机制。通过分析铜分族元素性质差异、p区含氧酸氧化性反常等典型案例，展示了松紧规律的解释力；并且采用比较分析法，系统考察了主族和过渡族元素的多项物理化学参数，验证了松紧规律的普适性。

关键词: 松紧规律, 有效核电荷, 屏蔽效应, Slater规则, 次周期效应

Abstract: Based on fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, this study systematically investigates the theoretical framework of the alternation rule of looseness and tightness and its distinctive significance in explaining periodic anomalies. The shielding constant is calculated using the modified Slater's rule, elucidating the underlying mechanism of the alternating “tight-loose-tight-loose” electron layer configuration. Through analysis of representative cases—including property variations among copper group elements and anomalous oxidation behaviors of p-block oxoacids—the explanatory power of this alternation rule is demonstrated. Furthermore, systematic comparative analysis of physicochemical parameters across main-group and transition elements validates the universal applicability of this rule.

Key words: Alternation rule of looseness and tightness, Effective nuclear charge, Shielding effect, Slater rule, Second periodicity