大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (7): 373-384.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202505046

师生笔谈 上一篇    

“压”中“渗”玄机：解码渗透压

陈明慧1, 刘米乐1, 贺雨珊1, 吴鼎1, 魏灵灵1, 吴笛2   

  1. 1 陕西师范大学化学化工学院, 陕西 西安 710119;
    2 陕西师范大学材料科学与工程学院, 陕西 西安 710119
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15 录用日期:2025-07-30 发布日期:2026-06-27
  • 通讯作者: 吴笛 E-mail:wud@snnu.edu.cn Di Wu
  • 基金资助:
    陕西师范大学研究生教育教学改革研究项目(GERP-24-22)

Pressure holds the key: decoding osmotic pressure

Minghui Chen1, Mile Liu1, Yushan He1, Ding Wu1, Lingling Wei1, Di Wu2   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, China;
    2 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Received:2025-05-15 Accepted:2025-07-30 Published:2026-06-27
  • Contact: Di Wu E-mail:wud@snnu.edu.cn

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摘要： 渗透压贯穿于自然界、生活、生产和科技等诸多领域，对生命活动和社会进步有深远影响。本文阐述了渗透压的微观机制，涵盖溶剂分子在半透膜两侧的运动差异、化学势差及依数性效应驱动的溶剂渗透作用；详细描述了渗透压和反渗透压的发现与测定方法，介绍了其在废水处理、海水淡化、气体分离、农业灌溉和盐差能发电等领域的应用。

关键词: 渗透压, 半透膜, 化学势, 依数性, 反渗透, 血液透析, 盐差能发电

Abstract: Osmotic pressure plays a pivotal role across diverse domains including nature, daily life, industrial production, and scientific technology, exerting profound influences on biological processes and societal progress. This article elucidates the microscopic mechanisms underlying osmotic pressure, encompassing the differential movement of solvent molecules across semipermeable membranes, chemical potential gradients, and solvent permeation driven by colligative properties. The work provides detailed descriptions of the discovery and measurement methods for both osmotic pressure and reverse osmosis, while highlighting their applications in wastewater treatment, seawater desalination, gas separation, agricultural irrigation, and salinity gradient power generation.

Key words: Osmotic pressure, Semipermeable membrane, Chemical potential, Colligative properties, Reverse osmosis, Hemodialysis, Salinity gradient power generation