烟花王国奇遇记

doi:10.3866/PKU.DXHX202302030

Abstract

Abstract:

By imagining Xiao Ming's fantastical journey in the Fireworks Kingdom, this paper briefly outlines the history and present situation of fireworks, and showcases the safety designs, environmentally friendly formulae, and color sources of fireworks. At the same time, the practical use of fireworks and their derived products in daily life were introduced, providing guidance for people to have a correct understanding and usage of fireworks.

Key words: History of fireworks, Safe fireworks, Flame reaction, Environmental protection, Popularization of science

Zhi Zheng, Weijie Zhou, Qi Liu, Bangtong Guan, Junlong Zhao. Adventures in the Kingdom of Fireworks[J].University Chemistry, 2023, 38(7): 105-111.

Figures/Tables 6

References 10

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功能	常用药剂
氧化剂	高氯酸钾、重铬酸钾、重铬酸铵、硝酸钾
还原剂	碳、硫磺、金属粉(铝粉、铁粉、钛粉)
粘合剂	阿拉伯树胶、松香、白乳胶、糯米粉、石蜡、虫胶
消烟剂	八钼酸铵、氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁
防结块剂	聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、十二烷基苯磺酸钠
稳定剂	对叔丁基苯酚、氯乙烯醋酸乙烯聚乙烯醇三元共聚树脂、硝化纤维素
钝感剂	硝酸钡、硬脂酸、凡士林、合成树脂、碳酸氢钠
防水剂	石蜡、硬脂酸、虫胶

污染物种类	危害
SO₂、CO、NO_x等	会形成光化学烟雾、破坏臭氧层、加剧温室效应、形成酸雨等；对呼吸系统造成损伤；对人体蛋白质、酶等物质造成损害，导致免疫系统受损
PM2.5、PM10	能见度变低，影响大气环境质量以及云和降雨过程，降低作物产量；会吸附有害物质，吸入体内会引起肺部损伤及功能障碍
铅化物、汞化物、砷化物等重金属污染物	在人体的某些器官中富集，使人体内蛋白质及各种酶失活，如果超过人体所能耐受的限度，会造成人体急性中毒、亚急性中毒、慢性中毒等
残留碎片如金属、玻璃、塑料、未完全燃烧的木炭、纸屑等	垃圾量会成倍增加，严重影响了环境卫生，加重环卫工人的负担；雨雪天燃放，会进入到周围水体之中，造成水体污染
噪声污染	爆竹爆炸所产生的噪音可以高达90 dB以上，一些燃放核心地区的噪声高达135 dB，可能会造成急性爆震性耳聋、永久性的听力损害

原料类型	传统烟花的配方	高性能环保配方
氧化剂	氯酸钾	高氯酸钾、硝酸肼、硝酸脲、硝酸胍、硝酸酯、硝胺
燃料	铝粉、镁粉、钛粉、硅粉、硫磺、木炭等	硝化纤维素单基粉、硝化纤维素和硝化甘油双基药粉
粘合剂	酚醛树脂	生物聚酯
助色剂	六氯代苯	使用低毒甚至无毒的PVC或者氯化石蜡
爆音剂	Pb₃O₄ + Mg-Al	A型CuO来代替Pb₃O₄

颜色	常见元素	常见化合物
红色	Sr、Li	SrCO₃、SrC₂O₄∙H₂O
黄色	Na	NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃、NaCl、Na₂C₂O₄
蓝色	Cu	CuCO₃∙Cu(OH)₂、CuCO∙As₂O₃、Cu(CH₃COO)₂、CuHAsO₃、CuSO₄∙5H₂O
绿色	Ba、Sb	BaCO₃、Sb₂S₃
紫色	Sr、K	Sr(NO₃)₂、SrCl-CuCl

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Adventures in the Kingdom of Fireworks

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