1. Corrections

If published articles contain errors, particularly those that may affect data interpretation but do not impact the main conclusions, the journal will issue a correction notice and update the article accordingly. Errors that affect the reliability of the conclusions will be handled in accordance with relevant policies.

2. Retractions

Articles may be retracted in cases of academic misconduct, legal or ethical violations, or when findings are no longer reliable. Retraction notices will be issued and clearly indicated. The original record will generally be retained unless legal or ethical concerns require removal.

3. Expression of Concern

If concerns arise but investigations are ongoing, the journal may issue an expression of concern to alert readers.