The journal strictly opposes all forms of academic misconduct and will address such cases in accordance with established policies.

Common forms of academic misconduct include, but are not limited to:

1. Plagiarism

The use of others’ ideas, data, images, methods, or text without proper acknowledgment, including the use of unpublished materials.

2. Fabrication

The invention of data, results, or information, including false descriptions of research methods, materials, or sources.

3. Falsification

The manipulation or selective omission of data, images, or results in a way that misrepresents the research.

4. Improper Authorship

Authorship that does not accurately reflect individual contributions, including inappropriate inclusion, exclusion, or misrepresentation of author information.

5. Duplicate Submission and Redundant Publication

Submitting the same or substantially similar work to multiple journals, or republishing content without proper disclosure.

6. Violations of Research Ethics

Failure to comply with ethical standards, including issues related to privacy, consent, or undisclosed conflicts of interest.

7. Other Misconduct

Any other practices that violate academic integrity, including inappropriate citation, unauthorized use of copyrighted materials, or the use of third parties for ghostwriting or submission.

Actions

The journal adopts a zero-tolerance policy toward academic misconduct.

Manuscripts with confirmed misconduct will be rejected. Published articles will be retracted, with a formal notice issued and relevant databases updated to reflect the article’s status.

Depending on the severity, additional actions may include notifying the authors’ institutions or issuing formal warnings.

Submission to the journal implies acceptance of these policies and a commitment to comply with them.