大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (4): 317-323.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202502098

所属专题： 化学科普(2025)

科普 上一篇    下一篇

铀：元素界的双面使者

桂大祥1, 李辉2   

  1. 1 安徽工程大学化学与环境工程学院, 安徽芜湖 241000;
    2 苏州大学放射医学与防护学院, 江苏苏州 215123
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20 录用日期:2025-06-10 发布日期:2026-04-24
  • 通讯作者: 桂大祥 E-mail:guidaxiang@ahpu.edu.cn Daxiang Gui

The dual-faced envoy of the elemental world

Daxiang Gui1, Hui Li2   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China;
    2 School of Radiation Medicine and Protection (SRMP), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
  • Received:2025-02-20 Accepted:2025-06-10 Published:2026-04-24
  • Contact: Daxiang Gui E-mail:guidaxiang@ahpu.edu.cn

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摘要： 铀(Uranium)的科技史贯穿其“两面性”：铀-235用于核能与武器，铀-238则支撑地质测年。从早期误判到“曼哈顿计划”，铀既驱动清洁核电，也化身致命武器，成为科学伦理的经典案例。本文将从其宇宙起源、发现、性质、应用及伦理争议，全方位解析铀的“双面人生”。

关键词: 铀, 同位素, 核能, 化学科普

Abstract: The technological trajectory of uranium is characterized by its inherent duality: Uranium-235 serves as the foundation for nuclear energy and weaponry, whereas Uranium-238 provides the basis for geological dating. From its initial misidentification to its pivotal role in the militarized “Manhattan Project”, uranium has emerged as both a source of clean nuclear power and a devastating weapon, establishing it as a paradigmatic case in scientific ethics. This article presents a comprehensive examination of uranium's dual identity, encompassing its cosmic origins, discovery, physicochemical properties, diverse applications, and associated ethical dilemmas.

Key words: Uranium, Isotopes, Nuclear energy, Popularization of chemistry