大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (9): 449-456.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509025

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尿素在小水滴上也能自发形成——宏观和微观化学平衡辨析

周子越1, 王若瑄2, 王群1, 李杨1, 汪新智1, 卢松涛1, 吴晓宏1   

  1. 1 哈尔滨工业大学化工与化学学院材料化学系, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001;
    2 东北农业大学动物医学学院, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150030
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-07 录用日期:2025-11-17 发布日期:2026-09-01
  • 通讯作者: 王群 E-mail:wangqun5992@hit.edu.cn Qun Wang
  • 基金资助:
    校研究生教学改革项目(校企联合培养专项-定向资助)(25XQLP010)

Spontaneous urea formation in microscale water droplets: an analysis of macro- and micro-chemical equilibrium

Ziyue Zhou1, Ruoxuan Wang2, Qun Wang1, Yang Li1, Xinzhi Wang1, Songtao Lu1, Xiaohong Wu1   

  1. 1 Department of Material Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China;
    2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang Province, China
  • Received:2025-09-07 Accepted:2025-11-17 Published:2026-09-01
  • Contact: Qun Wang E-mail:wangqun5992@hit.edu.cn

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摘要： 化学平衡是化学学科的重要主题，是“变化观念与平衡思想”培育的主要载体。物理化学教学中，化学平衡体系是宏观可逆热力学体系，不涉及微观问题，由此学生难以从微观层面理解化学平衡状态的特征(动态性，可逆性)。“宏观辨识与微观探析”素养是从学科观念和思维方式视角对化学科学思维的描述，是化学学科核心素养的重要方面。教师尝试选取最新前沿性关联内容教学，以化学史上里程碑式的事件“人造尿素合成”的文献案例呈现物理化学中化学平衡的前沿进展，强调内容综合性与知识迁移应用，从微观视角深入理解化学平衡相关知识，引导学生基于科学研究的视角进行学科理解，体会多学科知识对生产生活的指导作用，促进知识向科学素养的转化。

关键词: 化学平衡, 物理化学, 教学思想, 宏观微观

Abstract: Chemical equilibrium represents a cornerstone concept in chemistry education, serving as a pivotal framework for cultivating students' understanding of dynamic systems and equilibrium principles. Within physical chemistry pedagogy, chemical equilibrium is traditionally approached as a macroscopic thermodynamic system, often neglecting microscopic interpretations. This pedagogical gap leaves students struggling to comprehend key microscopic characteristics of equilibrium states—particularly their dynamic and reversible nature. The “macro identification and micro analysis” competency embodies chemistry-specific cognitive approaches and constitutes a fundamental element of disciplinary core literacy. Contemporary educators are addressing this by integrating cutting-edge research into curricula, using landmark developments like synthetic urea formation as case studies to demonstrate advances in chemical equilibrium understanding. This methodology emphasizes interdisciplinary synthesis and knowledge application, fostering micro-level conceptual mastery while guiding students toward research-oriented disciplinary perspectives. Through this approach, students gain appreciation for how multidisciplinary knowledge informs practical applications, thereby facilitating the transformation of abstract concepts into scientific literacy.

Key words: Chemical equilibrium, Physical chemistry, Teaching philosophy, Macro-micro perspective