大学化学 >> 2025, Vol. 40 >> Issue (5): 40-54.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411053

所属专题： 化学实验标准与规范建设

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有机化学蒸馏实验基本操作规范建议

李厚金1, 蔡双莲2, 郑媛3, 刘占祥4, 袁呈山5, 吴琳6, 余广鳌7, 韩杰8, 刘庆文9, 杜欣10, 熊英11, 张奇涵12, 孙兴文13, 张剑荣6, 张树永14   

  1. 1 中山大学化学学院, 广州 510006;
    2 湖南大学化学化工学院, 长沙 410082;
    3 中国科学技术大学化学与材料科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(中国科学技术大学), 合肥 230026;
    4 浙江大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江大学), 杭州 310058;
    5 兰州大学化学化工学院, 兰州 730000;
    6 南京大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南京大学), 南京 210023;
    7 华中师范大学化学学院, 武汉 430079;
    8 南开大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南开大学), 天津 300071;
    9 吉林大学化学学院, 长春 130012;
    10 大连理工大学化学学院, 辽宁 大连 116024;
    11 武汉大学化学与分子科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(武汉大学), 武汉 430072;
    12 北京大学化学与分子工程学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(北京大学), 北京 100871;
    13 复旦大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(复旦大学), 上海 200433;
    14 山东大学化学与化工学院, 济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-13 修回日期:2024-12-04 发布日期:2025-05-21
  • 通讯作者: 李厚金 E-mail:ceslhj@mail.sysu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    广东省本科高校教学质量与教学改革工程建设项目(化学实验教研室)；广东省高等教育教学改革项目；中山大学本科教学质量工程项目；教育部化学实验教学改革研究虚拟教研室项目

Basic Operations and Standardization Suggestions for Organic Chemistry Distillation Experiments

Houjin Li1, Shuanglian Cai2, Yuan Zheng3, Zhanxiang Liu4, Chengshan Yuan5, Lin Wu6, Guangao Yu7, Jie Han8, Qingwen Liu9, Xin Du10, Ying Xiong11, Qihan Zhang12, Xingwen Sun13, Jianrong Zhang6, Shuyong Zhang14   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
    2 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    5 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
    6 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    7 College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    9 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
    10 School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    11 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    12 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    14 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2024-11-13 Revised:2024-12-04 Published:2025-05-21
  • Contact: Houjin Li E-mail:ceslhj@mail.sysu.edu.cn

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摘要： 分析比较了常压普通蒸馏、空气冷凝的蒸馏、低沸点易燃易爆有机物的蒸馏、减压蒸馏、分馏、水蒸气蒸馏、旋转蒸发等蒸馏操作的共性及各自特点，明确不同实验操作的适用范围和条件，给出了各蒸馏实验的详细规范操作建议，同时指出了常见的不规范或者错误操作。本蒸馏操作规范建议具有科学性、合理性，有助于提高实验效率和成功率，提升实验的本质安全，适用性强。

关键词: 有机化学实验, 蒸馏, 操作规范

Abstract: This paper analyzes and compares the commonalities and specific characteristics of various distillation techniques, including normal pressure distillation, air-condensation distillation, distillation of flammable and explosive low-boiling organics, reduced pressure distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and rotary evaporation. The scope and conditions for applying each experimental operation are clarified, and detailed standard operating recommendations are provided for each type of distillation. Additionally, common non-standard or incorrect practices are highlighted. These standardization suggestions are scientific, reasonable, and highly applicable, contributing to improved experimental efficiency, success rates, and overall safety.

Key words: Organic chemistry experiment, Distillation, Standard operating procedure