大学化学

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分子轨道视角在大学有机化学教学中的应用与探索

杨宇锋, 张永强   

  1. 山东大学化学与化工学院，山东 济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05 录用日期:2026-03-10
  • 通讯作者: 张永强 E-mail:yongqzhang@sdu.edu.cn Yongqiang Zhang
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(22371168)；山东省泰山学者特聘教授项目(tstp20250517)

A molecular orbital perspective: application and exploration in university organic chemistry teaching

Yufeng Yang, Yongqiang Zhang   

  1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong Province, China
  • Received:2026-01-05 Accepted:2026-03-10
  • Contact: Yongqiang Zhang E-mail:yongqzhang@sdu.edu.cn

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摘要： 分子轨道理论作为解释有机分子结构与反应性的基本工具，尽管在化学原理课程中已有初步介绍，但在大学有机化学课堂中的系统应用仍相对不足。这种缺失往往导致学生对反应规律“知其然”却难以“知其所以然”。本文以分子轨道为视角，结合典型的有机反应实例，探讨如何帮助学生更深刻地理解有机反应的本质。文章从机制箭头的准确含义出发，逐步扩展至亲核取代速率比较、立体化学效应(包括Baeyer-Villiger迁移顺序)以及取代与消除反应的化学选择性，展示了分子轨道理论在教学中的统一性和启发性。通过教学实践发现，这种视角不仅增强了学生对知识点的理解力，也提升了他们的主动探索兴趣。

关键词: 有机化学, 分子轨道, 教学创新, 反应机制, 立体化学

Abstract: As a fundamental framework for elucidating the structure and reactivity of organic molecules, molecular orbital theory remains underutilized in systematic classroom applications despite its introductory coverage in chemical principles courses. This pedagogical gap often results in students memorizing reaction patterns without comprehending their underlying principles. Adopting a molecular orbital approach, this study examines how integrating representative organic reaction examples can facilitate deeper mechanistic understanding. Beginning with the precise interpretation of mechanistic arrows, we progressively explore comparative nucleophilic substitution rates, stereochemical effects (including Baeyer-Villiger migration preferences), and substitution-elimination chemoselectivity, thereby demonstrating the unifying power and didactic value of molecular orbital theory. Teaching implementations reveal that this approach not only strengthens conceptual mastery but also stimulates students’ intrinsic curiosity for mechanistic exploration.

Key words: Organic chemistry, Molecular orbital, Teaching innovation, Reaction mechanism, Stereochemistry