美食中的磷——含磷食品添加剂

doi:10.3866/PKU.DXHX202005070

Abstract

Abstract:

Phosphorus is the 15^th element of the Group V in the third cycle in the periodic table of elements. It plays very important roles in our daily life, involving life, medicine, health, environment, materials, agriculture, etc. It is also indispensable in our daily diet. In this paper, food additives containing phosphorus were introduced in detail, focusing on their main types, application and safety evaluation. Through the discussion about food additives containing phosphorus, we wish to help the readers to have a scientific and fair understanding and comments for food additives.

Key words: Phosphorus, Food additive

Yan Liu, Yufen Zhao. Phosphorus in Daily Food: Food Additive Containing Phosphorus[J].University Chemistry, 2020, 35(11): 30-36.

食物	磷(P)含量/%
谷物	0.1–0.3
鱼、肉	0.2
奶和奶制品	0.1–0.9
水果	0.015
椰菜	0.07

生长阶段	日摄取磷量/(mg∙day^-1)
婴儿和儿童(0–10岁)	从120逐渐增加到800
10–19岁	1250
成年人	700
孕妇和哺乳期妇女	800–900

名称	我国允许的使用范围	作用
磷酸三钠	罐头、果汁饮料、奶制品、豆乳、西式火腿、肉、鱼等	可使肉、鱼等制品保持新鲜和弹性；使面包、点心的韧性增强等
六偏磷酸钠	罐头、果汁饮料、奶制品	可提高肉、鱼制品的持水性；提高冰激凌的膨胀能力，防止糕体被破坏，改善口感和色泽；防止饮料沉淀；提高腌制肉的防腐性能
三聚磷酸钠	罐头、果汁饮料、奶制品、豆乳、西式火腿、肉、鱼等	可使肉类食品的肉质鲜嫩，色泽光亮；使水果蔬菜外表的果胶酸钙和苹果酸钙分离，促进外皮软化
焦磷酸钠	罐头、果汁饮料、奶制品、豆乳、西式火腿、肉、鱼等	防止豆酱或酱油变色，改善色泽；提高冰激凌中脂肪的乳化分散性能；使酪蛋白黏度增大，使制品柔软、富于伸展性
磷酸二氢钠	淡炼乳、复合发酵粉、肉、鱼制品等	炼乳生产时作为稳定剂防止制品热凝固；一般在肉制品和鱼制品中作结着剂
磷酸氢二钠	用于炼乳、复合发酵粉等	作为缓冲剂用于炼乳等食品的酸度调整，防止食品氧化变色，防止蛋白凝固
磷酸二氢钙	面包、饼干、馒头的面团发酵	降低面团的pH，提高生产速度和制品质量；加速酿造的发酵过程

应用对象	作用
油炸食品	可防止维生素A氧化，保护维生素E
巧克力	可以节省黄油用量，使乳化良好，防止颗粒凝聚和蔗糖析出，并改善巧克力的口味，保持物质黏度，延长巧克力储存时间
软饼干和薄脆饼	可克服因面粉中含有大量脂肪和糖而具有黏性的影响
口香糖	增加松软性和塑性效果，同时又增加口香糖的香味
焙烤面包	有助于得到理想的体积大小、组织结构以及良好的稳定性
冰激凌	能保证脂肪颗粒及其他成分均匀分布；在冷冻处理中，可以控制冰晶的生长，改善产品组织的柔韧性
干酪	使干酪所有组分混合均匀；提高产品的持水性，改进组织特性
人造奶油、起酥油、煎炸油	防止油水分离和喷溅，防止固体粘在锅上，使烘烤食品松脆可口
蛋糕、糖果	有利于脱模，在焙烤中易与加热器分离，防止焦煳炭化
面包、糕点、面条	防止产品发硬、老化；提高松软性；提高面包和其他酵母面的光滑性，使生面有更高的弹性、更好的流动性
可可粉、奶粉	可强化乳化作用，增溶和提高速溶性
肉制品	起到匀质，促进磷酸盐分解的作用
酱油	提高稳定性，改善风味和色泽

含磷食品添加剂	磷酸及磷酸盐	淀粉磷酸酯	卵磷脂	呈味核苷酸二钠盐	植酸	维生素C磷酸酯镁
ADI值(按体重)/(mg∙kg^-1)	30–70	无需规定	无需规定	无需规定	待定	待定

Phosphorus in Daily Food: Food Additive Containing Phosphorus

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