University Chemistry ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 182-190.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507046

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Suggestions on Heating and Heating Instruments (Part V): Solid-State Synthesis and High-Temperature Heating Using Muffle and Tube Furnaces

Wan Li1, Mei Shi2, Yanping Ren3, Faqiong Zhao4, Min Hu5, Xiuyun Wang6, Juanjuan Song7, Yongxian Fan8, Dongcheng Liu9, Xiuqiong Zeng10, Wenwei Zhang11, Weihong Li12, Xiaohang Qiu13, Yong Fan14, Jianrong Zhang11, Shuyong Zhang15   

  1. 1 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
    2 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Xiamen University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    5 School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China;
    6 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Dalian University of Technology), School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    7 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Inner Mongolia Minzu University), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education (Zhejiang University of Technology), College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
    9 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Guangxi Normal University), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China;
    10 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    11 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    12 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    14 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
    15 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2025-07-03 Accepted:2025-07-21 Published:2026-03-24
  • Contact: Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang E-mail:ypren@xmu.edu.cn;jrzhang@nju.edu.cn;syzhang@sdu.edu.cn

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Abstract: High-temperature solid-state synthesis is an important method for preparing inorganic materials, while the standardized operation of high-temperature furnaces, such as muffle furnaces and tube furnaces, directly affects experimental safety, efficiency and the reliability of results. This article introduces the characteristics of high-temperature solid-state synthesis, along with the detailed operation standards for muffle furnaces and tube furnaces. We aim to provide a reference for relevant experimental teaching and research, assisting laboratory personnel in conducting high-temperature heating experiments safely and efficiently, and improving process controllability, data accuracy and equipment service life.

Key words: Chemical experiments, Solid-state synthesis, High-temperature heating, Muffle furnace, Tube furnace, Operation standards