Abstract: The first question of the 39th China Chemistry Olympiad (Preliminary Round) employed ancient Chinese alchemical texts as its contextual framework, examining the “transmutation” reactions involving the “Four Yellows” (realgar, orpiment, arsenolite, and sulfur) with metals. This problem comprehensively assessed fundamental chemical concepts including the properties of arsenic compounds, principles of redox reactions, and thermodynamic calculations. Our study systematically analyzes the problem-solving methodology for each sub-question, investigates the chemical foundations underlying traditional alchemical practices, and elucidates reaction mechanisms through modern chemical theories such as coordination chemistry and thermodynamic equilibrium. The findings demonstrate the intrinsic relationship between historical metallurgical processes and contemporary chemistry, offering valuable insights for competition preparation and understanding the chemical basis of traditional alchemy.

Key words: Chemistry olympiad, Alchemy, Arsenic chemistry, Test question analysis, Historical tracing