Starch, a plant polysaccharide typically comprising amylose and amylopectin, exhibits a well-known property of turning blue upon encountering iodine. This color reaction, celebrated for its sensitivity, has found widespread application in experiments aimed at detecting iodine or starch. However, the coloration of starch upon iodine exposure is not always blue; rather, it varies depending on the starch composition. This study explores the diverse coloration exhibited by different food starches under various conditions (starch concentration, iodophor concentration, temperature, pH, polymerization degree), capturing the enchanting encounter between starch and iodine. Utilizing common food starches and iodophors as experimental materials, this educational experiment is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and user-friendly. By harnessing the distinct color reactions of starch and iodine, we create environmentally friendly multi-color ink, seamlessly integrating traditional calligraphy and Chinese painting techniques. Additionally, we explore captivating chemical experiments such as the magical iodine clock reaction, iodine fumigation for fingerprint analysis, and the preparation of non-Newtonian fluids from starch. With its strong appeal and broad audience reach, this experiment effectively employs gradient science popularization strategies. Through hands-on offline activities, participants experience the beauty of chemistry firsthand, fostering a deep appreciation and passion for the subject. The experiment yields significant outcomes in promoting scientific literacy and cultivating interest in chemistry among learners.

The proline-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reaction stands as a classic experiment illustrating the concept of enantiomerism. However, due to substrate reactivity limitations and experimental constraints, the stereochemical concepts of diastereoisomerism and racemization have not been adequately addressed. To bridge this gap between experimental and theoretical teaching and enhance students’ understanding of stereochemistry in Organic Chemistry, we have innovated and expanded the proline-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reaction. Firstly, by upgrading the conventional two-component reaction to a three-component reaction, we efficiently generate diastereomers through the conversion of arylaldehydes to highly reactive aldimines. Secondly, we introduce the stereoselective control of proline through the use of catalysts with opposite chiral configurations, while also incorporating the concept of racemization by mixing products with opposite configurations. Thirdly, we employ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology to elucidate the diastereoisomerism ratio of the products, facilitating a deeper understanding of diastereoisomerism concepts. Our results demonstrate that this experiment offers excellent repeatability, appropriate duration, and a balance of exploration and innovation. Implementation of this project not only enhances students’ scientific inquiry and innovative thinking but also cultivates their ability to conduct innovative experiments.

Electrocatalysis, as a focal point in the fields of nanomaterials and energy chemistry, holds the key to futural energy storage and conversion technologies. Against the backdrop of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality”, electrocatalytic nitrate reduction into ammonia is recognized as a green and safe technique. In order to bridge the gap between cutting-edge research and experimental teaching, we have developed a comprehensive chemical experiment centered on electrocatalytic nitrate reduction into ammonia. With an integrated design of basic knowledge, scientific studies and practical applications, this experiment contains hierarchal contents of copper-based catalysts, including its synthesis and characterization, performance exploration and applicable design. This experiment is designed to help undergraduate students gain insights into the latest advancements in electrocatalysis, master its fundamental knowledge and research methods, and foster their innovation awareness and practical application abilities.

The use of lacquer in China for thousands of years has resulted in the development of a unique lacquer art culture. The “lacquer” refers to urushi lacquer, which is collected from lacquer trees. Lacquer phenol undergoes series of chemical reactions to form a solid film with excellent properties, such as moisture resistance, high temperature resistance, and resistance to acid and alkali. Adding color powder into lacquer can produce a brilliant color paint, which is widely used in jewelry, anti-corrosion and cultural relics restoration. From the perspective of chemistry, the chemical composition, properties of lacquer and the chemical reaction of urushiol to lacquer film are introduced. Also, a series of popular science experiments are designed to verify what is lacquer and its excellent properties so that the people can deeply understand the ubiquity and importance of chemistry. The introduction of the history of lacquer, and the hands-on participation of primary and secondary school students in lacquerware production and lacquer painting drawing could exercise hands-on ability of young people, and convey the lacquer culture and the craftsman spirit of lacquer artists. The combination of lacquer art and chemistry can help the people to appreciate the beauty of lacquer art, realize the crucial role of chemistry in lacquer, and stimulate their interest in chemistry, therefore, realize the purpose of carrying forward the intangible cultural heritage of lacquer art and spreading the scientific knowledge of chemistry.

Coordination chemistry, fundamental to understanding molecular interactions, has played a pivotal role in various fields from ancient dyeing techniques to modern industrial applications. However, public awareness of coordination chemistry remains limited. This interdisciplinary experiment integrates traditional mordant dyeing techniques with coordination chemistry to elucidate the rich colors and complexities behind dyeing processes. Utilizing plant pigments like alizarin and hematoxylin, the experiment showcases the formation of complex compounds through metal ion coordination, emphasizing the pivotal role of coordination chemistry in dyeing and fixation effects. Inspired by China’s intangible cultural heritage, tie-dyeing, the experiment further demonstrates the fusion of chemistry, art, and culture through the creation of tie-dye works, showcasing both the beauty of chemistry and the craftsmanship of traditional Chinese handicrafts. Additionally, a home experiment plan utilizing onion skin to produce dyes promotes hands-on experimentation and highlights the experiment’s accessibility and applicability to diverse audiences. This comprehensive science popularization initiative caters to young children, students at different educational levels, and the general public, promoting a deeper understanding of chemistry while emphasizing sustainability and safety.

Recently, mechanoluminescence materials have attracted considerable attention due to their unique optical properties induced by external stimulus, demonstrating the excellent potential for sensing impact, stress, tension, pressure, display and lighting, and imaging. Using dibenzoylmethane (DBM), Eu(NO₃)₃, and triethylamine (TEA) as raw materials, the ionic Eu³⁺ coordination complexes Eu(DBM)₄TEA were obtained. The complexes were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and solid fluorescence. Their mechanoluminescence properties are realized by grinding the sample powder. The designing experiment is developed based on the research results and consists of the synthesis and characterization of lanthanide-based organometallic materials. This experiment with a simple route includes a lot of knowledge and was beneficial to enhance students’ research capabilities, helping students learn the relationship between structure and function, and getting scientific research training.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) emerges as a novel approach to treat tumors utilizing “photosensitizers” and “light”. This method involves exposing the tumor site to specific wavelengths of light, activating photosensitizers concentrated in the tumor to generate highly oxidizing reactive oxygen species, ultimately dismantling the tumor. In comparison to surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, PDT boasts simplicity in operation, precise targeting, minimal invasiveness, lack of drug resistance, and the ability to trigger systemic immunity. While PDT has gained widespread adoption in developed nations, its promotion in China is still underway, hampered by a lack of public understanding. In response, we present a popular science experiment elucidating tumor-targeted photodynamic therapy using a laboratory-synthesized selenium-Rhodamine photosensitizer. The experiment encompasses enzyme activation of targeted photosensitizers, visual detection of singlet oxygen, and the photodynamic eradication of cancer cells. This experiment vividly illustrates the scientific principles behind targeted photodynamic therapy, enhancing public awareness of photodynamic cancer treatment. Such efforts are crucial for advancing the adoption of photodynamic therapy in our country, underscoring the pivotal role of chemistry in cancer treatment. The entire popular science experiment is straightforward, visually intuitive, and has demonstrated effective results in science outreach.

The preparation of nano zinc oxide is a classic inorganic chemistry experiment with distinctive characteristics. In this paper, an innovative improvement is made to solve the existing problems in the experimental process of basic chemistry experiment “preparation of nano zinc oxide powder”. The preparation and photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles based on the microemulsion method were designed. This experiment features a mild reaction, simple operation, obvious phenomenon, and environmental friendliness. It can not only cultivate students’ basic operation skills but also stimulate students’ interest in experiments, and exercise students’ comprehensive ability. Compared to the traditional experiment for the preparation of nano zinc oxide, this approach has higher time efficiency and a scientifically reasonable experimental arrangement. The phenomena are more apparent, and it is more interesting. It is comprehensive and exploratory, as it not only consolidates students’ basic experimental skills but also nurtures their scientific research thinking and expands their research skills.

Resolution is one of the most important methods for the preparation of optically active compounds. Classic physical resolution via crystallization assisted by chiral resolution reagents can usually provide one compound with highly optical purity. As an important asymmetric synthetic technology, kinetic resolution has become a powerful tool for the construction of multifunctional enantioenriched molecules and has been widely used in the synthesis of drugs and natural products. Therefore, we designed a kinetic resolution experiment based on alkene E→Z isomerization catalyzed by a photoexcited chiral copper complex. This experiment involves substrate synthesis, separation and purification, photocatalytic reaction, kinetic resolution curve drawing and condition verification. Many experimental skills are concerned in this experiment, including column chromatography separation, (preparative) thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which can not only exercise students’ comprehensive experimental skills, but also let students feel the advantages of kinetic resolution, photocatalysis and excited transition metal catalysis technologies. The experiment is designed reasonably with strong operability and high safety. It lasts 24 hours in total, including three one-day individual experiments. It is very suitable for the courses of organic chemistry experiment or comprehensive chemistry experiment.

This experiment addresses the pressing issue of milk safety, integrating cutting-edge molecular imprinting technology into undergraduate laboratory classes. A comprehensive experiment is designed, combining molecular imprinting, protein exclusion, and magnetic separation techniques to synthesize lightweight magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers. The polymers’ performance is evaluated, and they are utilized as solid-phase extraction adsorbents in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography to establish a novel method for the direct and selective detection of trace tetracycline in milk samples. This interdisciplinary study spans materials chemistry, analytical chemistry, instrumental chemistry, and food chemistry, fostering students’ scientific literacy, problem-solving abilities, and innovative thinking. The innovative design of the imprinting material and magnetic separation process ensures cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, and high safety throughout the experiment. Through this hands-on experience, students gain insight into molecular imprinting technology, learn new detection methods, refine basic laboratory skills, enhance data collection and analysis capabilities, and deepen their understanding of the interplay between components, performance, and application.

This experiment introduces undergraduate students to the forefront of organic chemistry and new synthetic methodologies through the synthesis of isoquinolinone guided by photochemistry. By integrating organic photochemistry and continuous flow chemistry, the experiment aims to broaden the scope of undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory teaching. Carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is employed as a heterogeneous photocatalyst, while oxygen serves as a safe and atom-economic oxidant, enabling the synthesis of isoquinolinone under visible-light irradiation in a continuous flow setup. The experiment encompasses both batch and continuous flow photochemical synthesis of isoquinolinone, as well as the preparation of the natural product corydaldine. Students are involved in various aspects of the experiment, including the installation of a simple flow photochemical reactor, reaction monitoring, product purification, and characterization. Through this project, students not only gain insights into photochemical reactions but also cultivate their creativity and research skills in the realm of green and sustainable chemistry. They acquire hands-on experience in thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, and spectroscopic analysis techniques like IR and NMR, enhancing their practical skills and environmental awareness. This innovative experiment aligns with the principles of green chemistry and miniaturization and is suitable for incorporation into undergraduate laboratory courses such as Organic Chemistry Laboratory and Comprehensive Chemistry Laboratory. Its introduction into laboratory teaching can enrich teaching practices, promote active learning, and elevate the quality of practical education.

This experiment addresses the challenge of understanding the abstract concept of “living” in living radical polymerization within the undergraduate teaching of polymer chemistry course. We conducted a 3D printing experiment using photo-induced reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Initially, we synthesized O-(ethyl)-S-(2-propyl ethanoate thio) xanthate (EXEP) under optimized conditions. Subsequently, 3D printing was performed with commercial photosensitive resin under conditions with and without EXEP. The printed structures were then subjected to post-modification with a fluorescent monomer, and a comparative experiment on polymer welding was conducted. By analyzing and comparing the experimental results, we aimed to visually demonstrate the mechanism of living radical polymerization and its impact on post-functionalization. This experiment seamlessly integrates foundational theory into an engaging practical context. It is characterized by its reasonable duration, simplicity in operation, significant outcomes, and alignment with basic requirements for undergraduate teaching experiments. Furthermore, it contributes to enhancing students’ comprehensive analytical abilities, sparking their interest in deeper research, and cultivating their innovative awareness and extension capabilities.

This experiment delves into the common phenomenon of surface tension in everyday life. By systematically optimizing existing methods from the literature, we create solutions of different concentrations using a mixture of glycerol and water, with food coloring added to represent the varying concentrations. Due to the imbalance in evaporation gradient and surface tension, small droplets on hydrophilically treated glass slides exhibit behaviors such as “chasing” and “dancing”. These movements reflect a range of physical chemistry phenomena related to surface tension and evaporation. The experiment employs safe and readily available chemicals, with custom-made main devices, making it straightforward and comprehensible. With parental guidance, primary and middle school students, and even kindergarten children, can distinctly observe the chasing and fusion of droplets of different colors. This experiment is eco-friendly, safe, and visually appealing, which is beneficial for cultivating a strong interest in physical chemistry phenomena among the general public, especially primary and secondary school students.

Amidation synthesis stands as a significant area in organic chemistry. Incorporating cutting-edge amidation methods into basic organic chemistry laboratory teaching can enhance educational content and foster integration between undergraduate teaching and research achievements. Herein, we report an experiment focusing on the umpolung of aldehydes catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) for amide synthesis. Utilizing benzaldehyde and nitrosobenzene as substrates, N-hydroxy-N-phenylbenzoylamide was efficiently synthesized under anhydrous and oxygen-free conditions. The reaction progress was monitored via thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the product structure was confirmed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This experiment offers simplicity in operation, mild reaction conditions, high atom economy, and excellent repeatability, rendering it highly suitable for undergraduate laboratory teaching. By amalgamating the pivotal concept of umpolung with the cutting-edge science of N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, this experiment aims to stimulate and nurture students’ interest in scientific inquiry.

Luminescence lifetime is a crucial concept in photochemistry, serving as a significant parameter that characterizes the properties of luminescent materials. Despite the widespread applications of luminescent materials in various fields such as human production, military, aerospace, the general public often lacks a clear understanding of the scientific notion that “Luminescence lifetime can vary”. This project takes everyday light as a starting point and utilizes long afterglow materials with human-recognizable lifetimes (> 100 ms) as a medium of demonstration. By investigating the self-assembly of melamine and phthalic acid in an aqueous medium, a class of organic long afterglow materials with extended lifetimes and high brightness is designed and synthesized. The simplicity of the synthesis method, cost-effectiveness of raw materials, clear experimental phenomena, and high reproducibility make it an ideal theme for science popularization. Additionally, the project explores luminescence phenomena in daily life, introducing innovative and engaging modes of science communication such as original animations and “afterglow graffiti”. By leveraging platforms like Bilibili and TikTok, the outreach of chemical knowledge is broadened. The science popularization content includes several independent interactive modules tailored to the characteristics and needs of different audience groups, aiming for broad coverage and high acceptance. This approach ensures that luminescence lifetime becomes intimately connected with everyday life and reaches a wide audience.

Photocatalytic oxidation, distinguished by its safety, controllability, mild conditions, and environmental friendliness compared to traditional oxidation reactions, has emerged as a prominent research focus in the forefront of chemistry, garnering widespread attention. However, its application in undergraduate teaching experiments has been limited by experimental conditions and equipment constraints. In this experiment, we devised a simple photoreaction device using conventional laboratory instruments. Employing a high-efficiency, low-energy sodium lamp as the light source to catalyze the oxidation of phosphate intermediates, we achieved the laboratory-scale synthesis of 1,2-dioxocycloethane-type medical chemiluminescence reagents, diversifying the application of photochemical reactions in experimental teaching. The materials and reagents used in this experiment are inexpensive and readily available, the operation is straightforward, and the yield of the product is high. The experiment allows for both independent single-bottle operations and the execution of multiple-bottle series reactions. Considering the experimental cost and teaching efficiency, we conducted group experimental teaching with a two-bottle series, fostering diverse teaching forms and nurturing students’ cooperative skills. This approach is well-suited for undergraduate experimental teaching, aiding students in enhancing their comprehensive experimental operational abilities and deepening their understanding of reaction mechanisms such as radical coupling.

This experiment employs the coordination reaction between epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from persimmon extract and ferrous sulfate. The study investigates the responsive changes of the complex solution at different pH, aiming to achieve a portable differentiation application for common acidic and alkaline substances in daily life. The experiment utilizes readily available raw materials, ensures a safe process, and demonstrates observable phenomena, allowing the audience to appreciate the beauty of chemical transformations and fostering a strong interest in the field of chemistry.

This study presents an improvement to the analytical chemistry experiment “Determination of total phosphorus in water and wastewater by spectrophotometry”. Maifannite, a green and non-toxic material, was modified with ZnFe-LDHs (layered double hydroxides) to create an adsorption material. The modified Maifannite was characterized using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), and EDS-mapping (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy Mapping). Optimal adsorption conditions for total phosphorus by ZnFe-LDHs modified Maifannite were explored, achieving a removal rate of over 98.4%. After treatment with modified Maifannite, the concentration of phosphorus in wastewater was reduced to less than 0.08 mg·L⁻¹, meeting the first-level discharge standard for phosphorus. This enhanced experiment is rich in content, comprehensive, and cultivates students’ research and teamwork abilities while practicing the concept of “green chemistry”. It is suitable for extension to higher-grade undergraduate teaching.

In university organic chemistry experiments, the classic teaching project of synthesizing triphenylmethanol by reacting Grignard reagent with benzoate often encounters challenges with the conventional method of initiating the reaction using iodine heating. This approach is difficult to control and prone to generating by-products like biphenyl, leading to low yields. Furthermore, some students may fail to obtain the Grignard reagent, resulting in experiment failure. In this study, we propose a photoinitiated method for synthesizing the Grignard reagent, eliminating the need for iodine heating. Under 520 nm LED irradiation, bromobenzene reacts directly with magnesium to form phenylmagnesium bromide without requiring external heating, even at temperatures as low as?10°C. This cost-effective and readily available light source significantly shortens synthesis time, improves yield, and enhances experimental success rates. Therefore, this innovative approach holds promise for wider adoption and application in university settings.

Crystal field theory stands as a cornerstone in coordination chemistry and poses a pivotal challenge in undergraduate inorganic chemistry education. Leveraging recent advancements in the synthesis of nickel macrocyclic coordination compounds, we introduce a highly adaptable and multifaceted comprehensive experiment. Students engage in synthesizing a series of nickel complexes, observing their colors, and analyzing their infrared absorption spectra, UV-visible absorption spectra, and effective magnetic moments. By integrating classroom instruction with literature review, students deduce the ligand composition and central ion crystal field configuration of the complexes. Spanning 8 class hours, this experiment amalgamates theoretical knowledge and experimental skills across inorganic, analytical, and physical chemistry domains. It exhibits conspicuous experimental phenomena, excellent reproducibility, low cost, and high safety standards. Moreover, it extensively cultivates students’ analytical prowess in tackling real-world problems within a problem-oriented learning framework, thereby enhancing their fundamental chemical literacy.

This study translates the research achievements of the National Undergraduate Innovation Training Program (research on electrochemical-promoted benzylic thiocyanation) into an innovative undergraduate organic chemistry experiment. Organic electrosynthesis has emerged as a prominent research area in organic synthesis due to its environmentally friendly, controllable, and easily scalable characteristics. However, the application of electrochemical-promoted organic reactions has not been widely incorporated into undergraduate organic chemistry experiments. This experiment successfully demonstrates the electrochemical-promoted thiocyanation of p-bromoethylbenzene at room temperature, utilizing readily available trimethylsilyl isothiocyanate. By integrating the outcomes of the “National Innovation Program” research into undergraduate organic chemistry experiments, students are guided to foster innovative thinking and embrace the concept of “green synthesis”.

Fluorescence detection has found extensive applications in various fields such as chemical analysis and biological testing. Therefore, conducting experiments related to fluorescence detection is of significant importance in undergraduate laboratory education. This experiment successfully developed a low-cost, compact open-source fluorescence spectrometer, whose performance was comprehensively evaluated and applied to the detection of real samples. The aim is to foster students’ awareness and confidence in designing and creating instruments.

With the continued implementation of national “Double Carbon” strategies, carbon dioxide (CO₂) has emerged as a focal point of attention. However, a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of CO₂ cycling and carbon emission reduction is lacking among the general public. This experiment introduces a set of carbon cycle experiments covering the properties, generation, transformation, and capture of CO₂. It simulates natural and industrial carbon sequestration processes through processes like photosynthesis and chemical absorption, achieving carbon emission reduction and carbon neutrality. The dynamic changes in CO₂ are demonstrated through various forms such as color changes in indicators, fountains, and precipitation. Raw materials for the experiment are sourced from daily life, ensuring simplicity in operation. The experiment incorporates diverse interactive elements, enhancing its appeal and effectively conveying the chemical principles of the carbon cycle. It serves to popularize knowledge related to the “Double Carbon” strategy, fostering a deep-seated understanding of low-carbon energy-saving concepts.

The oxidation of alcohols to ketones constitutes a crucial aspect of undergraduate organic chemistry theory. Benzophenone, the resultant product of the reaction, finds extensive applications in fields such as photoinitiators and UV-curable coatings. Compounds featuring benzophenone as their backbone also hold significance in targeted drug release. Traditional methods for benzophenone synthesis suffer from long reaction time, the use of heavy metal oxidation reagents, and the complexity of dehydrogenation catalyst preparation, limiting their suitability for undergraduate laboratory teaching. This paper presents an environmentally friendly electrochemical synthesis approach for benzophenone. The method employs potassium iodide as the electrolyte and a mixed solvent of acetonitrile and water, facilitating the direct electrolytic oxidation of diphenylmethanol to benzophenone without the need for additional oxidation or dehydrogenation agents. This improved method boasts shorter reaction time, higher yield, simplified post-processing, and employs inexpensive, readily available reagents, making it ideal for introductory organic chemistry experiments. The experiment integrates thin-layer chromatography (TLC), melting point determination, ¹HNMR, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze and identify reaction systems or products, thereby enhancing students’ proficiency in experimental operations and product identification.

There is a dearth of experiments on the synthesis of binuclear bridging complexes in current experimental textbooks, and limited knowledge exists regarding secondary amine synthesis and Cu(II) oxidation. In this study, drawing from the foundational reactions in organic chemistry theory, two routes were devised to synthesize the target secondary amine ligand. Route 1 is predicated on nucleophilic substitution reactions, while Route 2 involves nucleophilic addition condensation and reduction. Leveraging the principles of coordination chemistry and the conjugated drive effect in organic chemistry, Cu(II), with its weak oxidizing properties, oxidized secondary amines into conjugated aromatic imines (Schiff base) structures. Concurrently, the coordination of Schiff base and the bridging coordination of chloride ions were harnessed to form stable chlorine-bridged binuclear Cu(I) complexes. To suit the experimental teaching conditions in tertiary institutions, a straightforward operational set-up was designed to visually illustrate the identification of copper ion valence states in Cu(I) complexes. The experimental principles herein encompass not only fundamental chemical reaction knowledge but also embody the latest scientific research findings. With mild reaction conditions, intuitive experimental observations, good reproducibility, and high yields, this experiment effectively enhances students’ comprehensive experimental operation skills and cultivates their abilities in organic synthesis and coordination chemistry.

The apparatus for moving-boundary method is upgraded by digital technique. The conductivity-time curve is measured, and the moving velocity of the boundary through two pairs of conductive electrodes can be determined precisely and objectively. This method eliminates the subjective deviation from manual observation. No indicator is needed to mark the boundary, and the problem of unobservable boundary at low concentration is therefore solved. The experimental object is also extended from traditional acidic electrolyte solution (e.g., aqueous HCl) to neutral electrolyte solution (e.g., aqueous NaCl, KCl, etc.). In the range of experimental concentrations (approx. 0.01 mol?L^?1 to 0.1 mol?L^?1), the transference number of H⁺ can be obtained with a reasonable deviation (0.8230–0.8350) by this method. The improved apparatus can be used to determine the transference numbers and mobilities of electrolytes, which provides a new way for physical chemistry experiment teaching.

Test paper, a type of paper product chemically treated to produce color changes in response to specific substances, serves as a valuable tool for rapid detection and analysis. This experiment, based on the surface modification of glass fiber filter paper, introduces a heavy metal ion detection test paper designed with the fluorescence sensing characteristics of rare earth complexes. The test paper demonstrates its effectiveness and convenience in detecting heavy metal ions in water sources. The innovative test paper proves highly useful in addressing heavy metal ion contamination in water, emphasizing the significant role of chemistry in advancing ecological civilization. The simplified, safe, and environmentally friendly process of creating the test paper yields a practical and user-friendly product. This experiment not only educates on the general production and testing principles of test papers but also sparks students’ interest in scientific exploration and application. The experiment, characterized by its simplicity, repeatability, low entry barrier, environmental friendliness, and safety, possesses a unique color aesthetic, leaving a lasting impression. It is suitable for conducting popular science experiments in public places and promoting awareness in experimental teaching across various educational levels.

The experimental preparation of polyacrylic acid by free radical polymerization is an important and classic teaching content in the course of Polymer Chemistry Experiments. The monomer is easy to obtain and the reaction conditions are mild. As a representative experiment to master the free radical polymerization reaction and the preparation of porous adsorption materials, it is offered in many colleges and universities. However, in the preparation experiments of polyacrylic acid in existing textbooks, the reaction system is easy to gelate and produces more waste liquid. The process took 30.5 to 33 hours and could not be completed within one teaching session. The characterization process is complicated. Therefore, natural and cheap sodium alginate was used as thickener in this improved experiment to stabilize the viscosity of the reaction system and prevent the gelation of the reaction system caused by the sharp increase of local viscosity. Using the same natural and cheap porous diatomite as filler, the porous resin was prepared by co-precipitation with the polyacrylic acid solution prepared by free radical polymerization reaction, which greatly reduced the use and consumption of organic solvents. In addition, this improved experiment follows the academic frontier, and introduces the smartphone identification-colorimetric analysis to characterize the adsorption performance of the product, which is fast and convenient. The new method of hole formation and representation reduced the duration of the experiment to 5 hours, ensuring the continuity of teaching, while retaining the characteristics of the original experiment, making the experiment more meaningful and conducive to stimulate students’ interest in learning this experimental course.

Behind some romantic and magical illusions lie chemical reactions. This experiment revolves around captivating phenomena related to "crimson romance," engaging the public with a few simple and intriguing demonstrations of chemical reactions. Among these, the complexation reaction between potassium thiocyanate and iron ions produces a blood-red flocculent complex, which promptly disappears when it reacts with sodium fluoride. Additionally, the iron in hemoglobin can generate blue fluorescence when paired with luminol. By showcasing these enchanting and romantic phenomena, this study aims to disseminate chemical knowledge across various demographics, unveiling the secrets behind magical illusions and delving into the beauty of chemistry. This approach encourages individuals to adopt a scientific perspective, fostering admiration for chemistry and showcasing its inherent magic and allure, thereby igniting curiosity and passion for chemistry among students and the general public.

An innovative experimental approach based on a microfluidic paper-based chip has been designed for specific detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The chip is fabricated for detecting E. coli in water samples. The main contents include the preparation of paper chips, lysis of E. coli on the chip, detection of E. coli, optimization of detection conditions, and detection of E. coli in actual samples. This experiment integrates cutting-edge disciplines, demonstrating robust comprehensive and innovative characteristics. It aligns with the practical education concept marked by the progression from “basic experiment → comprehensive experiment → research-oriented experiment”, effectively strengthening students’ capacities for problem analysis and solution.

In this experiment, the influence of different impurities on chemical crystallization was explored using materials from daily life. Factors affecting crystal growth were studied, resulting in crystals with diverse morphologies. Based on these findings, a crystal landscape experiment was designed, suitable for chemical science popularization. This experiment investigated the effects of various impurities on crystal growth from both macro and micro perspectives, combining chemical science with art. It is easy to operate, cost-effective, and safe, making it accessible for participants of all ages. By stimulating interest in chemistry and promoting enthusiasm for chemical research, this experiment bridges the gap between the general public and chemical science.

This experiment is a comprehensive chemistry experiment designed for undergraduate students’ ability level and integrated with the forefront of the photovoltaic field. A simple spin-coating method is used to prepare CsPbBr₃ perovskite thin films on conductive glass surfaces. The assembly experiment of photodetector devices is incorporated to study the optical and photoelectric properties of CsPbBr₃. Students can visually observe the intense green light emitted by the yellow CsPbBr₃ material under UV laser irradiation, effectively stimulating their interest.

This experiment integrates cutting-edge research from the field of organic photochemistry into undergraduate laboratory instruction. Utilizing benzaldehyde, aniline, and 4-isopropyl-1,4-dihydropyridines as starting materials, a visible-light-mediated one-pot multicomponent reaction was conducted under mild conditions to yield secondary amines efficiently. The experiment features cost-effective and readily available reagents, simple operation, and mild reaction conditions, alongside incorporating principles of green chemistry and organic synthesis methodology. Suitable for undergraduate laboratory teaching, it provides students with practical skills while deepening their comprehension of topics such as photochemical reactions, one-pot tandem reactions, and free radical processes. This experiment bridges the gap between cutting-edge research and talent cultivation, enhancing students’ abilities in scientific research, innovation, and practical application.

Based on the general process of synthetic chemistry methodology and the “scientific problem-oriented” principle in laboratory teaching, this paper has developed a basic experiment of organic chemistry derived from the green synthesis of 1,3-dibromoacetone, and firstly applied halogen exchange reaction to laboratory teaching. Starting with 1,3-dichloroacetone and lithium bromide, the halogen exchange equilibrium was broken efficiently using mixture solvent of dichloromethane and acetone (10 : 1). Therefore, in the presence of 3.5 equivalents of lithium bromide, the green synthesis of 1,3-dibromoacetone was achieved with 97% isolated yield after refluxing 1.5 hours at 40 °C. The purity of desired product was higher than 97%, and up to 98.8% after recrystallization. The all reagents used in this experiment are safe and environmentally benign. The teaching time is about 4 hours, which not only involves basic operations of various organic chemistry experiments, but also includes important aspects such as reaction monitoring, structure characterization, and purity analysis. It is very suitable for basic organic chemistry laboratory teaching. At the same time, based on this experimental scheme, combined with the micro-course learning and exercises on the development history of halogen exchange reaction in application and development of 1,3-dibromoacetone, the interaction between theoretical knowledge and synthetic practice was realized. This improved the comprehensive ability of undergraduate of chemistry majors to solve synthetic chemistry problems and solidified the quality of talent cultivation in the field of chemistry.

Addressing the challenges in teaching the Nernst equation in inorganic chemistry, this experiment introduces the cutting-edge zinc-air battery as a teaching model. By altering the concentration of oxidizing and reducing materials, students explore the key factors of the Nernst equation, enhancing their understanding of electrochemical processes. Simultaneously, the experiment incorporates flexible electronics technology, using carrageenan as a safe and environmentally friendly solid electrolyte to guide students in learning and constructing solid zinc-air batteries. The batteries are tested for voltage performance at various bending angles to assess their flexibility. Moreover, to foster creativity, students design and build various forms of solid zinc-air batteries to power electronic devices. This experiment is closely aligned with fundamental electrochemical knowledge and state-of-the-art technology, allowing students to deepen their understanding of the Nernst equation while gaining practical experience in creating flexible electronic devices. This approach sparks students’ interest in electrochemistry and proves cost-effective with promising results.

“Luminescent sea” refers to the magical scene of blue light on the surface sea water at night or in a dark environment, also known as “blue tears”. This popular science experiment aims to guide people to gain an understanding of the world, and reveals the principles hidden behind natural phenomena and active experimentation. According to the principle of chemiluminescence energy transfer, the smart release material polysaccharide hydrogel entrapped with material was used to prepare sustainable luminescent hydrogel spheres. And a portable science popularization experiment box has been launched, which can reproduce your own surging “blue tears” anytime and anywhere. With the ability to interpret natural phenomena and promote applied research, this popular science experiment connects the knowledge of sugar chemistry, photochemistry and material chemistry, fully showing the romantic and wonderful chemical science to the public.

Centered on “unveiling the magical potential of titanium”, this experiment commenced by employing electrochemical anodization to craft vibrant titanium oxide (TiO₂) films. By meticulously adjusting applied voltages, electrolytes, and anodization durations, we achieved precise control over the coloration of these films, showcasing the captivating visual allure of chemistry. Subsequent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy elucidated the composition of these intriguing layers, confirming their pure and non-toxic nature as titanium dioxide. Detailed discussions ensued regarding the refinement of oxide film quality processes and the adoption of environmentally friendly cycling techniques. Furthermore, we explored the application of anodized TiO₂ films in dye wastewater treatment and NaCl corrosion resistance tests, unveiling their multifaceted capabilities encompassing degradation, antibacterial properties, and corrosion resistance. This endeavor underscores the beauty of applied chemistry. Finally, we devised a multifaceted science popularization plan aimed at disseminating knowledge to audiences of diverse backgrounds, dispelling concerns regarding the safety of titanium-colored film layers, and enabling participants to fully appreciate the enchantment of chemistry.

The current synthesis of benorilate typically involves the Schotten-Baumann esterification, which generates harmful gases HCl and SO₂ from the reagent SOCl₂, posing environmental concerns. Moreover, the process entails multiple steps. In this study, we have optimized a one-step method using EDCI/4-DMAP esterification for the synthesis of benorilate. The product’s structure and purity were characterized through melting point determination, NMR, and HPLC-MS analysis, followed by in vivo dynamic evaluation in rats based on plasma and bile samples. This evaluation confirmed the principles of drug design. The improved method not only enhances efficiency but also significantly improves experimental safety.

In the physical chemistry experiment “Colloid ζ potential measurement by electrophoresis”, there exist some issues affecting the effectiveness of experimental teaching, such as prolonged colloid purification time and low accuracy in interface position measurement. To address these challenges, this paper explores methods and conditions for the rapid, large-scale, and repeatable purification of Fe(OH)₃ colloids using acid and alkali ion exchange resins. Additionally, an innovative device utilizing a digital scale and a light barrier for precise measurement of colloidal interface position has been designed. This device is integrated with the electrophoresis tube holder, forming a dedicated set of instrumentation. The increased accuracy in interface position measurement allows for a reduction in electrophoresis measurement time to 5 minutes, mitigating the impact of potential gradient changes caused by prolonged electrophoresis. The application of these improved methods and instruments in experimental teaching has resulted in enhanced efficiency, reduced measurement result deviation, and improved repeatability. This lays the groundwork for incorporating some exploratory experiments into the teaching program.

The experiment for synthesizing cinnamic acid is a crucial foundational experiment in the current “Organic Chemistry Experiment” curriculum in higher education. However, during its implementation, several issues have emerged, including the unpleasant odor of residual benzaldehyde, sensitivity of raw materials to water, procurement challenges, and the generation of numerous high-temperature by-products. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes improvements to the classic cinnamic acid synthesis experiment. A homogeneous reaction system comprising benzaldehyde/malonic acid/triethylenediamine was employed to synthesize cinnamic acid. Additionally, a post-treatment method involving washing with sodium bisulfite was introduced to eliminate residual benzaldehyde, thereby aligning the experiment with modern teaching practices and the principles of green chemistry. The enhanced experiment not only effectively mitigates the odor issue associated with residual benzaldehyde but also offers advantages such as improved raw material stability, lower costs, and simplified post-treatment procedures. Furthermore, by incorporating spectroscopic characterization and column chromatography, the experiment can be expanded into a comprehensive 8-hour laboratory session targeting the synthesis of the fine chemical ferulic acid, thus enhancing the development of students’ overall chemical proficiency.

Visible light irradiation is a crucial factor in modern synthetic organic chemistry, yet it is often overlooked in undergraduate organic experiment textbooks. This innovative experiment introduces a microscale approach, inspired by the principles of photosynthesis, to catalyze the oxidation of p-cyanophenylboronic acid to p-hydroxybenzonitrile using extracts from spinach leaves under red-light irradiation. The incorporation of this comprehensive experiment into our school’s organic chemistry laboratory teaching offers several advantages: (1) The environmentally friendly catalyst is easily accessible, and the synthesis process is safe and reliable with low experimental costs. (2) Microscale experiments contribute to reducing environmental pollution, enhancing laboratory safety, saving reagents and time, minimizing instrument wear and tear, and fostering students’ meticulous experimental style and habits. (3) Beyond expanding students’ knowledge and horizons, this experiment also ignites their interest in learning and boosts their learning enthusiasm.

In this paper, the experimental design of undergraduate teaching was conducted based on the hot research fields of molecular switches and aggregation-induced luminescence. Photochromic diarylethene was skillfully integrated into a tetraarylethene system with aggregation-induced luminescence performance, and a new type of photoswitchable fluorescent molecular switch with both color-changing and luminescence functions was prepared. By integrating science and education, the scientific research frontier was introduced into undergraduate experimental teaching. A comprehensive experimental exploration was carried out from the aspects of material preparation, separation and purification, structure characterization and performance test. The molecular design of this experiment is concise and novel, the content is rich, and the phenomenon is obvious. On the basis of comprehensively applying and consolidating the basic theories and basic operations of undergraduate learning, this work can stimulate students’ interest in scientific research and cultivate the scientific spirit of unity and cooperation, breakthrough and innovation.

Smart hydrogels, characterized by their highly hydrophilic three-dimensional network structures, possess the ability to swiftly sense and respond to changes in their environment. This project harnesses alginate extracted from edible kelp, cross-linking it with various metal ions to craft alginate hydrogels. These hydrogels exhibit remarkable responsiveness, effectively distinguishing between hard and soft water while also facilitating the analysis of vitamin C and metal ion concentrations. Through a series of engaging experiments, this endeavor elucidates the formation mechanisms and practical applications of intelligent hydrogels. Preschoolers and primary school students engage in simple yet colorful hydrogel preparations, fostering a sense of excitement. Meanwhile, middle school students and the general public can participate in extracting alginic acid from kelp using everyday kitchen utensils, subsequently utilizing the resulting hydrogels for water hardness recognition and vitamin C analysis in fruits. Such hands-on experiences not only ignite curiosity but also promote the integration of chemistry into daily life, stimulating interest and enthusiasm for the subject. College students, through advanced experiments, delve into the analysis of iron ion concentrations and vitamin C content using photometric methods. This project seamlessly merges entertainment, practicality, and scientific inquiry, offering a feasible and enriching educational experience. It is poised to bridge the gap between chemistry and everyday life, serving the public, and fostering broader understanding and engagement with the field.

Formylstyrylpyridinium salt (SBQ) is a water-soluble fluorescent diarylethene derivative. In aqueous solution, it undergoes a[2+2] photodimerization reaction under 365 nm ultraviolet light irradiation, yielding non-fluorescent photodimers. Upon exposure to 254 nm short-wavelength ultraviolet light, these photodimers can undergo photolysis of the cyclobutene ring, regenerating SBQ monomers and restoring fluorescence, making them suitable for optical information storage. In acidic aqueous solution, SBQ monomers can be grafted onto the polyvinyl alcohol skeleton through acetalization reaction, synthesizing a water-soluble photosensitive polymer material. When mixed with polyvinyl acetate emulsion, it forms a one-component silk screen printing photosensitive emulsion. Students can utilize the synthesized product to print patterns on paper and experimental clothing, as well as to fabricate printed circuit boards and explore additional applications. All synthetic reactions in this experiment are conducted in aqueous solution, offering safety, environmental friendliness, and adherence to green chemistry principles.

Electrophilic halogenation of arenes represents a fundamental method for synthesizing aryl halides, crucial in the construction of various agrochemicals, materials, and pharmaceuticals. However, achieving regioselectivity in the halogenation of electron-rich arenes has posed a persistent challenge. This experiment demonstrates a synergistic catalytic approach for halogenating arenes bearing electron-donating substituents under mild conditions, offering a highly selective pathway to aryl halides. The utilization of hydrogen bonding between a Brønsted acid and the protic solvent nitromethane facilitates this transformation, effectively addressing the aforementioned challenge. The experiment not only enhances students’ understanding of electrophilic halogenation reactions of arenes but also imparts knowledge on self-assembly, synergistic catalysis, and Lewis acid-base catalysis. Furthermore, it deepens students’ comprehension of reaction mechanisms and ionic intermediates. The experiment comprises three main components: synthesis of brominated aromatics, mechanism exploration, and applicability assessment. It encompasses various organic laboratory techniques, including reaction monitoring, purification, and product characterization. With a duration of 7 hours and ensuring high safety, this experiment is suitable for undergraduate teaching. Moreover, it serves to strengthen students’ fundamental experimental skills while fostering their capacity for scientific research innovation and practice, preparing them for future scientific endeavors.

Blowing bubbles is a universally enjoyable activity. However, commercially available bubble solutions often contain unknown ingredients that can be irritating to the skin. In this study, we utilized common household items to develop a green, safe, and non-toxic bubble solution using the single variable method, enabling the creation of giant bubbles. The experiment progresses systematically, from basic to advanced, fostering curiosity and exploration. Suitable for individuals of all ages, this endeavor aims to ignite and nurture interest and passion for chemistry experiments. Participants can engage in the delightful experience of concocting their own giant bubble solution.

Organophosphorus pesticides rank among the most extensively used pesticides in agriculture, leading to widespread contamination of water bodies, soil, and vegetation, thereby disrupting ecosystems and posing health risks. Consequently, rapid and precise detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues is crucial for effective pesticide management. Conventional analytical methods such as chromatography and spectroscopy rely on sophisticated equipment and specialized personnel, incurring high costs and time consumption. In response, this study presents an innovative approach involving the development of aptamer-based colloidal gold lateral flow test strips for the swift and accurate detection of residual organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables. These test strips offer advantages such as sensitivity, portability, and ease of operation, enabling on-site application in real sample detection and demonstrating excellent applicability. Furthermore, the logical operation process of these test strips facilitates science popularization and education. Diverse experimental processes and schemes tailored for different audiences serve to stimulate interest in chemistry and science while enhancing awareness of food safety.

Surface chemistry permeates various aspects of our daily lives, from the natural phenomenon of the “lotus leaf effect” to the functionalities of specialized industrial products like waterproofing, anti-freezing, and anti-fouling coatings. While these phenomena may seem commonplace and straightforward, they harbor intricate principles of interfacial science. In this experiment, we employ a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique to deposit a hydrophilic coating composed of plant polyphenol tannic acid (TA) and iron (Fe(III)) coordination complex onto the surface of a melt-blown fabric membrane. Subsequent oxidation of catechol groups using sodium periodate (NaIO₄) facilitates the fixation of the polyphenol-metal coordination complex network at the fabric interface, thereby achieving a transition from hydrophobic to hydrophilic modification. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of the modified melt-blown fabric membrane in oil-water separation processes. Through this endeavor, we not only showcase the modification process of materials and the resulting property alterations but also delve into the underlying physical and chemical principles layer by layer. The reagents utilized in this educational experiment are environmentally friendly, facilitating simple operation, offering aesthetic appeal, and encouraging interaction. Moreover, the modified membrane boasts recyclability advantages. Employing a gradient approach to science communication, we elucidate the principles and essence behind these phenomena in a comprehensible manner, enabling the public to appreciate the magic and beauty of surface chemistry while acquiring knowledge. This experiment holds promise not only for popular science dissemination and classroom teaching but also for its excellent application prospects.

Preparation of cyclohexanone is a classic “hands-on” organic chemistry experiment widely used in undergraduate teaching. However, conventional experiments often involve the use of non-environmentally friendly high-cost heavy metal oxidants, limiting the teaching process to the development of students’ experimental skills. In response to this, we have transformed the experiment into a design-oriented approach. Students are tasked with consulting literature, researching, and exploring greener and more environmentally friendly oxidation systems. By evaluating the merits of various oxidation systems, determining the types of oxidants, and designing experimental procedures, students complete the experiment. This innovative approach enhances the experiment’s complexity, promotes innovation, and introduces challenges. It not only solidifies students’ practical laboratory skills but also cultivates their ability to discover, analyze, and solve problems, fostering innovative thinking and awareness of green chemistry.

we establish a relay catalysis strategy utilizing Pd(OAc)₂/chiral phosphoric acid catalyst for the efficient synthesis of optically active 2-phenyl tetrahydroquinoline via a one-pot three-step domino reaction of 2-iodoaniline with allylic alcohol, eliminating the need for intermediate isolation. Compared to conventional single catalysis methods, this cooperative relay catalysis offers advantages of simplicity and high efficiency. Introducing scientific frontiers such as cooperative relay catalysis into experimental teaching, along with principles of green chemistry and energy saving, broadens students’ scientific perspectives, ignites their passion for learning, and enhances their innovation capabilities. Furthermore, this experiment encompasses fundamental theoretical knowledge including Grignard reactions, Heck reactions, imine condensations, and asymmetric hydrogen transfers, alongside practical analytical techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), rotary evaporation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and polarimetry. Through this comprehensive experiment, students’ theoretical understanding, experimental skills, and scientific reasoning abilities are enriched, fostering the integration of scientific research and teaching.