大学化学 >> 2025, Vol. 40 >> Issue (5): 106-121.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202503079

所属专题： 化学实验标准与规范建设

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有机化合物的物理常数测定基本操作规范建议

熊英1, 余广鳌2, 吴琳3, 刘庆文4, 李厚金5, 蔡双莲6, 刘占祥7, 孙兴文8, 郑媛9, 韩杰10, 杜欣11, 袁呈山12, 张奇涵13, 张剑荣3, 张树永14   

  1. 1 武汉大学化学与分子科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(武汉大学), 武汉 430072;
    2 华中师范大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(华中师范大学), 绿色农药全国重点实验室, 武汉 430079;
    3 南京大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南京大学), 南京 210023;
    4 吉林大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(吉林大学), 长春 130023;
    5 中山大学化学学院, 广州 510006;
    6 湖南大学化学化工学院, 长沙 410082;
    7 浙江大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江大学), 杭州 310058;
    8 复旦大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(复旦大学), 上海 200433;
    9 中国科学技术大学化学与材料科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(中国科学技术大学), 合肥 230026;
    10 南开大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南开大学), 天津 300071;
    11 大连理工大学化学学院, 辽宁 大连 116024;
    12 兰州大学化学化工学院, 兰州 730000;
    13 北京大学化学与分子工程学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(北京大学), 北京 100871;
    14 山东大学化学与化工学院, 济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20 修回日期:2025-04-17 发布日期:2025-05-21
  • 通讯作者: 熊英, 余广鳌, 吴琳, 刘庆文 E-mail:yingxiong@whu.edu.cn;yuguang@mail.ccnu.edu.cn;wulin@nju.edu.cn;liuqw@jlu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    武汉大学本科教育质量建设综合改革项目；中央高校基础科研业务费专项资金-科研成果转化实验教学内容类项目(CCNU23KYZHSY05)；“教育部化学实验教学改革研究虚拟教研室”项目

Basic Operations and Specification Suggestions for Determination of Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Ying Xiong1, Guangao Yu2, Lin Wu3, Qingwen Liu4, Houjin Li5, Shuanglian Cai6, Zhanxiang Liu7, Xingwen Sun8, Yuan Zheng9, Jie Han10, Xin Du11, Chengshan Yuan12, Qihan Zhang13, Jianrong Zhang3, Shuyong Zhang14   

  1. 1 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    2 National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Central China Normal University), College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China;
    5 School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
    6 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
    7 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    9 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026, China;
    10 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    11 School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    12 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    14 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2025-03-20 Revised:2025-04-17 Published:2025-05-21
  • Contact: Ying Xiong, Guangao Yu, Lin Wu, Qingwen Liu E-mail:yingxiong@whu.edu.cn;yuguang@mail.ccnu.edu.cn;wulin@nju.edu.cn;liuqw@jlu.edu.cn

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摘要： 物理常数作为鉴定有机化合物及其纯度的重要依据，其准确测定也是有机化学实验教学的主要内容。本文主要介绍物理常数中熔点、沸点、折射率和比旋光度测定的作用、基本原理、常用方法、操作规范及实验注意事项等，并简要介绍了一些新的仪器测定方法，希望能为从事化学实验教学及科研的国内同行提供参考。

关键词: 有机化学实验, 物理常数测定, 操作规范

Abstract: Physical constants serve as crucial indicators for identifying organic compounds and assessing their purity, with their precise determination constituting a fundamental aspect of organic chemistry experimental education. This paper comprehensively examines the significance, underlying principles, standard methodologies, operational protocols, and experimental considerations associated with the determination of key physical constants, including melting point, boiling point, refractive index, and specific rotation. Additionally, it provides an overview of contemporary instrumental techniques employed in these measurements. The authors aim to offer valuable insights and practical guidance for chemistry educators and researchers engaged in experimental teaching and scientific investigation.

Key words: Organic chemistry experiment, Determination of physical constant, Operation standard