大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (3): 163-171.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507039

所属专题： 化学实验标准与规范建设

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加热和加热仪器使用操作规范建议(三)——间接加热与热浴(水浴、油浴、金属浴、砂浴)的使用

章文伟1, 王翊如2, 阮婵姿2, 宋娟娟3, 范永仙4, 李厚金5, 刘冬成6, 任艳平2, 曾秀琼7, 赵发琼8, 石梅9, 胡敏10, 李婉11, 王秀云12, 李维红13, 邱晓航14, 范勇15, 张剑荣1, 张树永16   

  1. 1 南京大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南京大学), 南京 210023;
    2 厦门大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(厦门大学), 福建 厦门 361005;
    3 内蒙古民族大学化学与材料学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(内蒙古民族大学), 内蒙古 通辽 028000;
    4 浙江工业大学化学工程学院, 化学化工国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江工业大学), 杭州 310014;
    5 中山大学化学学院, 广州 510006;
    6 广西师范大学化学与药学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(广西师范大学), 广西 桂林 541004;
    7 浙江大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江大学), 杭州 310058;
    8 武汉大学化学与分子科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(武汉大学), 武汉 430072;
    9 复旦大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(复旦大学), 上海 200433;
    10 西安交通大学化学学院, 西安 710049;
    11 中国科学技术大学化学与材料科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(中国科学技术大学), 合肥 230026;
    12 大连理工大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(大连理工大学), 辽宁 大连 116024;
    13 北京大学化学与分子工程学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(北京大学), 北京 100871;
    14 南开大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南开大学), 天津 300071;
    15 吉林大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(吉林大学), 长春 130012;
    16山东大学化学与化工学院, 济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03 录用日期:2025-07-21 发布日期:2026-03-24
  • 通讯作者: 任艳平, 张剑荣, 张树永 E-mail:ypren@xmu.edu.cn;jrzhang@nju.edu.cn;syzhang@sdu.edu.cn Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang
  • 基金资助:
    教育部虚拟教研室建设试点项目；教育部高校教师教学组织和教学发展体系建设研究项目

Suggestions on Heating and Heating Instruments (Part III): Indirect Heating and the Use of Thermal Baths (Water Bath, Oil Bath, Metal Bath and Sand Bath)

Wenwei Zhang1, Yiru Wang2, Chanzi Ruan2, Juanjuan Song3, Yongxian Fan4, Houjin Li5, Dongcheng Liu6, Yanping Ren2, Xiuqiong Zeng7, Faqiong Zhao8, Mei Shi9, Min Hu10, Wan Li11, Xiuyun Wang12, Weihong Li13, Xiaohang Qiu14, Yong Fan15, Jianrong Zhang1, Shuyong Zhang16   

  1. 1 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    2 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Xiamen University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Inner Mongolia Minzu University), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education (Zhejiang University of Technology), College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
    5 School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
    6 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Guangxi Normal University), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China;
    7 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    9 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    10 School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China;
    11 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
    12 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Dalian University of Technology), School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    14 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    15 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
    16 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2025-07-03 Accepted:2025-07-21 Published:2026-03-24
  • Contact: Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang E-mail:ypren@xmu.edu.cn;jrzhang@nju.edu.cn;syzhang@sdu.edu.cn

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摘要： 在化学实验中，加热是调控反应速率、实现物质转化及分离提纯的核心手段，广泛应用于化学合成、试样处理、材料加工等环节。间接加热作为加热的一种重要方式，需要根据实验需求与安全性合理选择并规范操作。本文主要介绍间接加热及实验室中常用热浴(水浴、油浴、金属浴、砂浴)的正确使用方法及注意事项，以期为从事化学实验学习、教学和研究的学生、教师及其他相关人员提供参考。

关键词: 化学实验, 间接加热, 加热仪器, 操作规范

Abstract: In chemical experiments, heating serves as a fundamental method to regulate reaction rates, achieve substance transformation, and facilitate separation and purification. It is widely applied in chemical synthesis, sample processing, material processing, and other procedures. As an essential heating approach, indirect heating also requires rational selection and standardized operation based on experimental requirements and safety considerations. This article focuses on the proper use and precautions for indirect heating and common thermal baths (water bath, oil bath, metal bath, sand bath) in laboratories, aiming to provide suggestions for students, teachers, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and research.

Key words: Chemical experiments, Indirect heating, Heating instruments, Operation standards