大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (3): 154-162.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507035

所属专题： 化学实验标准与规范建设； 化学实验标准与规范建设

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加热和加热仪器使用操作规范建议(二)——直接加热与电炉、电热板、电陶炉、电磁加热搅拌器和电热套的使用

章文伟1, 阮婵姿2, 王翊如2, 曾秀琼3, 宋娟娟4, 范永仙5, 刘冬成6, 任艳平2, 赵发琼7, 石梅8, 胡敏9, 李婉10, 王秀云11, 李维红12, 邱晓航13, 范勇14, 张剑荣1, 张树永15   

  1. 1 南京大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南京大学), 南京 210023;
    2 厦门大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(厦门大学), 福建 厦门 361005;
    3 浙江大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江大学), 杭州 310058;
    4 内蒙古民族大学化学与材料学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(内蒙古民族大学), 内蒙古 通辽 028000;
    5 浙江工业大学化学工程学院, 化学化工国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江工业大学), 杭州 310014;
    6 广西师范大学化学与药学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(广西师范大学), 广西 桂林 541004;
    7 武汉大学化学与分子科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(武汉大学), 武汉 430072;
    8 复旦大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(复旦大学), 上海 200433;
    9 西安交通大学化学学院, 西安 710049;
    10 中国科学技术大学化学与材料科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(中国科学技术大学), 合肥 230026;
    11 大连理工大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(大连理工大学), 辽宁 大连 116024;
    12 北京大学化学与分子工程学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(北京大学), 北京 100871;
    13 南开大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南开大学), 天津 300071;
    14 吉林大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(吉林大学), 长春 130012;
    15 山东大学化学与化工学院, 济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03 录用日期:2025-07-21 发布日期:2026-03-24
  • 通讯作者: 任艳平, 张剑荣, 张树永 E-mail:ypren@xmu.edu.cn;jrzhang@nju.edu.cn;syzhang@sdu.edu.cn Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang
  • 基金资助:
    教育部虚拟教研室建设试点项目；教育部高校教师教学组织和教学发展体系建设研究项目

Suggestions on Heating and Heating Instruments (Part II): Direct Heating and the Use of Electric Furnace, Hot Plates, Ceramic Hot Plates, Electromagnetic Heating Stirrers and Heating Mantles

Wenwei Zhang1, Chanzi Ruan2, Yiru Wang2, Xiuqiong Zeng3, Juanjuan Song4, Yongxian Fan5, Dongcheng Liu6, Yanping Ren2, Faqiong Zhao7, Mei Shi8, Min Hu9, Wan Li10, Xiuyun Wang11, Weihong Li12, Xiaohang Qiu13, Yong Fan14, Jianrong Zhang1, Shuyong Zhang15   

  1. 1 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    2 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Xiamen University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Inner Mongolia Minzu University), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China;
    5 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education (Zhejiang University of Technology), College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
    6 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Guangxi Normal University), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China;
    7 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    9 School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China;
    10 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
    11 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Dalian University of Technology), School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    12 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    14 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
    15 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2025-07-03 Accepted:2025-07-21 Published:2026-03-24
  • Contact: Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang E-mail:ypren@xmu.edu.cn;jrzhang@nju.edu.cn;syzhang@sdu.edu.cn

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摘要： 加热是化学实验中最常见、最基本的操作之一，不仅可用于溶解、蒸发、干燥、杀菌、灭菌等基础操作，还可加快反应速率，促进化学平衡移动、物质相态转变(如升华)，同时用于调控反应条件(如温度依赖性合成)或实现分离纯化(如蒸馏)等。加热方式多样(主要包括直接加热和间接加热)、加热仪器种类繁多。能根据具体实验条件和加热对象、目的、场景和要求，科学选用不同的加热方法和加热仪器并能进行规范操作是有关实验人员的基本素养，对安全、高效完成实验以及得到科学的实验结果和可靠的实验数据具有重要意义。本文主要介绍直接加热及实验室常用于直接加热的电炉、电热板、电陶炉、电磁加热搅拌器和电热套的正确使用及其注意事项，以期为从事化学实验学习、教学和研究的学生、教师及其他相关人员提供参考。

关键词: 化学实验, 直接加热, 加热仪器, 操作规范

Abstract: Heating is one of the most common and fundamental operations in chemical experiments. It is not only used for basic procedures such as dissolution, evaporation, drying, sterilization, and disinfection but also serves to accelerate reaction rates, promote chemical equilibrium shifts or phase transitions (e.g., sublimation), and regulate reaction conditions (e.g., temperature-dependent synthesis) or achieve separation and purification (e.g., distillation). With diverse heating methods (mainly including direct heating and indirect heating) and a wide variety of heating instruments, the ability to scientifically select appropriate heating methods and equipment based on specific experimental conditions, heating objects, purposes, scenarios, and requirements, and to operate them properly, is a basic quality for laboratory personnel. This proficiency is critical for ensuring safe, efficient experiments and obtaining scientifically valid results and reliable data. This article focuses on direct heating and the correct usage and precautions for common electrically powered laboratory heating devices, including electric furnace, electric heating plates, electric ceramic hot plates, electromagnetic heating stirrers and electric heating mantles. It aims to provide suggestions for students, instructors, and researchers engaged in chemical experimentation, teaching, and research.

Key words: Chemical experiments, Direct heating, Heating instruments, Operation standards