University Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (5): 40-54.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411053

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Basic Operations and Standardization Suggestions for Organic Chemistry Distillation Experiments

Houjin Li1, Shuanglian Cai2, Yuan Zheng3, Zhanxiang Liu4, Chengshan Yuan5, Lin Wu6, Guangao Yu7, Jie Han8, Qingwen Liu9, Xin Du10, Ying Xiong11, Qihan Zhang12, Xingwen Sun13, Jianrong Zhang6, Shuyong Zhang14   

  1. 1 School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
    2 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    5 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
    6 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    7 College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    9 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
    10 School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    11 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    12 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    14 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2024-11-13 Revised:2024-12-04 Published:2025-05-21
  • Contact: Houjin Li E-mail:ceslhj@mail.sysu.edu.cn

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Abstract: This paper analyzes and compares the commonalities and specific characteristics of various distillation techniques, including normal pressure distillation, air-condensation distillation, distillation of flammable and explosive low-boiling organics, reduced pressure distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, and rotary evaporation. The scope and conditions for applying each experimental operation are clarified, and detailed standard operating recommendations are provided for each type of distillation. Additionally, common non-standard or incorrect practices are highlighted. These standardization suggestions are scientific, reasonable, and highly applicable, contributing to improved experimental efficiency, success rates, and overall safety.

Key words: Organic chemistry experiment, Distillation, Standard operating procedure