University Chemistry ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (5): 84-92.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411045

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Basic Operations and Standardization Suggestions for Organic Chemistry Reflux Experiments

Yuan Zheng1, Houjin Li2, Zhanxiang Liu3, Lin Wu4, Shuanglian Cai5, Ying Xiong6, Guangao Yu7, Xingwen Sun8, Qingwen Liu9, Jie Han10, Xin Du11, Chengshan Yuan12, Qihan Zhang13, Jianrong Zhang4, Shuyong Zhang14   

  1. 1 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
    2 School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    5 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
    6 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    7 College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    9 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China;
    10 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    11 School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    12 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    14 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2024-11-11 Revised:2024-12-04 Published:2025-05-21
  • Contact: Yuan Zheng, Houjin Li E-mail:yzheng82@ustc.edu.cn;ceslhj@mail.sysu.edu.cn

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Abstract: Reflux is a fundamental technique in organic chemistry laboratory. Most organic chemical reactions and operations, such as recrystallization, are conducted under reflux conditions. Mastery of reflux operations is a crucial experimental skill that chemistry students must acquire. In organic chemistry experiments, improper reflux operations can lead to low yields, experimental failures, and even safety incidents. This article provides standard operating suggestions for various reflux operations in organic chemistry laboratory, with the aim of offering guidance for colleagues in China who are engaged in laboratory teaching and scientific research.

Key words: Organic chemistry experiment, Reflux, Standard operating procedure