大学化学 >> 2026, Vol. 41 >> Issue (3): 122-129.doi: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507037

所属专题： 化学实验标准与规范建设

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固液分离及其操作规范建议(一)——倾析分离、离心分离及离心机的使用

王翊如1, 阮婵姿1, 宋娟娟2, 范永仙3, 刘冬成4, 任艳平1, 曾秀琼5, 赵发琼6, 章文伟7, 石梅8, 胡敏9, 李婉10, 王秀云11, 李维红12, 邱晓航13, 范勇14, 张剑荣7, 张树永15   

  1. 1 厦门大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(厦门大学), 福建 厦门 361005;
    2 内蒙古民族大学化学与材料学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(内蒙古民族大学), 内蒙古 通辽 028000;
    3 浙江工业大学化学工程学院, 化学化工国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江工业大学), 杭州 310014;
    4 广西师范大学化学与药学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(广西师范大学), 广西 桂林 541004;
    5 浙江大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(浙江大学), 杭州 310058;
    6 武汉大学化学与分子科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(武汉大学), 武汉 430072;
    7 南京大学化学化工学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南京大学), 南京 210023;
    8 复旦大学化学系, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(复旦大学), 上海 200433;
    9 西安交通大学化学学院, 西安 710049;
    10 中国科学技术大学化学与材料科学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(中国科学技术大学), 合肥 230026;
    11 大连理工大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(大连理工大学), 辽宁 大连 116024;
    12 北京大学化学与分子工程学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(北京大学), 北京 100871;
    13 南开大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(南开大学), 天津 300071;
    14 吉林大学化学学院, 化学国家级实验教学示范中心(吉林大学), 长春 130012;
    15 山东大学化学与化工学院, 济南 250100
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-03 录用日期:2025-07-21 发布日期:2026-03-24
  • 通讯作者: 任艳平, 张剑荣, 张树永 E-mail:ypren@xmu.edu.cn;jrzhang@nju.edu.cn;syzhang@sdu.edu.cn Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang
  • 基金资助:
    教育部虚拟教研室建设试点项目；教育部高校教师教学组织和教学发展体系建设研究项目

Solid-Liquid Separation and Suggestions on the Operation Standards (I): Decantation and Centrifugation with Centrifuge Operation

Yiru Wang1, Chanzi Ruan1, Juanjuan Song2, Yongxian Fan3, Dongcheng Liu4, Yanping Ren1, Xiuqiong Zeng5, Faqiong Zhao6, Wenwei Zhang7, Mei Shi8, Min Hu9, Wan Li10, Xiuyun Wang11, Weihong Li12, Xiaohang Qiu13, Yong Fan14, Jianrong Zhang7, Shuyong Zhang15   

  1. 1 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Xiamen University), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China;
    2 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Inner Mongolia Minzu University), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China;
    3 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Education (Zhejiang University of Technology), College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China;
    4 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Guangxi Normal University), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China;
    5 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Zhejiang University), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
    6 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Wuhan University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
    7 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nanjing University), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
    8 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Fudan University), Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
    9 School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China;
    10 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
    11 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Dalian University of Technology), School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China;
    12 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Peking University), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
    13 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Nankai University), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
    14 National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (Jilin University), College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
    15 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • Received:2025-07-03 Accepted:2025-07-21 Published:2026-03-24
  • Contact: Yanping Ren, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang E-mail:ypren@xmu.edu.cn;jrzhang@nju.edu.cn;syzhang@sdu.edu.cn

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摘要： 固液分离是化学合成与分离、纯化等实验中的基本操作之一。常用的固液分离方法有倾析法、离心分离法和过滤法，一般需根据固体颗粒的大小、固体量的多少以及液体的黏稠度等选择适宜的固液分离方法。本文主要介绍基于沉降分离的倾析法和离心分离法的工作原理和适用对象、分离操作的基本要点和注意事项，并提出了倾析法和离心分离法的操作规范建议，希望能为同行开展实验教学提供参考。

关键词: 化学实验, 固液分离, 倾析法, 离心分离法, 离心机, 操作规范

Abstract: Solid-liquid separation is a fundamental operation in chemical synthesis, separation, and purification processes. Common methods for this purpose include decantation, centrifugation and filtration, with their selection criteria primarily based on solid particle size, solid content and liquid viscosity. This paper systematically elucidates the principles and applicability of sedimentation-based techniques, specifically decantation and centrifugation. It further details operational protocols and essential safety precautions associated with these methods, while establishing standardized procedures for these techniques. The work ultimately aims to serve as a practical reference for laboratory teaching practices.

Key words: Chemical experiment, Solid-liquid separation, Decantation, Centrifugal separation, Centrifuge, Operation standards