用基本原理引领元素化学教学

doi:10.3866/PKU.DXHX202208032

Abstract

Abstract:

The teaching and studying of chemistry of the elements have always been both the focus and difficulty within inorganic chemistry teaching. In this paper, we briefly introduced the concepts and practices in the teaching of chemistry of the elements, guided by basic chemistry principles, in accordance with the teaching practice of the inorganic chemistry teaching research group of Wuhan University.

Key words: Chemistry of the elements, Chemistry principles, Practice

Kai Hu, Ping Cai, Jing Zhang, Tianyou Peng, Gongzhen Cheng. Guiding the Teaching of Chemistry of the Elements Using Basic Principles[J].University Chemistry, 2022, 37(11): 2208032.

Figures/Tables 1

章节	课堂重点讨论内容与对应化学原理
碱金属和碱土金属	IA、IIA金属的物理性质及变化规律：金属键、原子排列 IA、IIA金属活泼性、电极电势与电离能的变化：热力学循环、水合热、强度过程的条件 IA、IIA金属单质制备：电解法和金属交换法所涉及到的反应热力学和动力学金属氧化物、过氧化物和超氧化物的稳定性问题：软硬酸碱盐的溶解性：巴索洛规则、晶格能的使用条件、相似相溶原理氢氧化物的碱性：酸式电离、碱式电离、酸碱性、离子势含氧酸盐的热稳定性：化学键、离子极化理论锂的特殊性：对角线规则、离子势锂离子电池：氧化还原反应
硼族元素	硼单质的晶体结构及性质：B₁₂的成键特点、利用软硬酸碱理论讨论硼的亲氧亲氟性硼烷：缺电子性、氨硼烷结构与储氢、多中心多电子键的成键特点硼的氧化物和卤化物：化学键、软硬酸碱理论、路易斯酸的酸性和离域π键铝的性质：原子结构阐明两性、缺电子性讨论分子的二聚 Tl(I)–Tl(III)的氧化还原性：惰性电子对效应
碳族元素	碳的同素异形体：化学键的类型与性质、原子簇的化学键理论碳还原性：利用化学反应热力学讨论艾林罕姆图单质硅：硅的提纯方法、区域熔炼、反应耦合、化学反应热力学和动力学硅的氧化物和卤化物：Si―O的四面体；硅的含盐酸及其盐：多聚、分子筛、化学键理论 Se和Pb的化学性质：两性和惰性电子对效应、原子结构和化学键
氮族元素	氮的氢化物：不同氢化物的还原性和稳定性结构、杂化理论、电极电势氮的氧化物：结构、氧化性磷：P₄、P―O四面体，与Si类比含氧酸：结构(d–p π配键)、缩聚浓酸的氧化性和酸性：电离理论及分子结构卤化物水解(专题讨论)
氧族元素	氧的成键：化学键理论过氧/多硫化物：结构、性质、制备硫的含氧酸：结构与性质、化学键(d–p π配键)、鲍林规则、缩聚、电离
卤素元素	氟的特殊性：离子势、键合特点、反应性各种单质制备、HX制备：电极电势与反应卤化物、拟卤素、卤素互化物：水解、稳定性、键合、VSEPR 卤素的含氧酸及其盐：稳定性、结构、氧化性、酸性第四周期的次周期性(小结)
氢和惰性气体	氢的成键特点(总结)：H⁺，H^?，氢键、氢桥、极化与反极化同位素分离：单质的物理性质、原子结构、化学键
氢和惰性气体	金属氢：金属键储氢：形式和条件、结构与性质(结合原理讨论不同储氢方法的特点) 稀有气体的发现：从热力学和结构的角度分析稀有气体化合物结构：VSEPR、化学键、分子轨道
铜锌副族	ds区副族元素成键特点：从原子结构与周期律和热力学循环等角度讨论，铜锌副族元素因为d轨道作为价层故其键合能力和方式不同于碱金属和碱土金属铜族的化合物：不同条件下Cu(I)和Cu(II)化合物的相对稳定性及其转化条件(比如固相和水溶液体系，水溶液和液氨溶液体系，稳定性、电极电势、溶剂化热) Cu(II)配位：姜泰勒效应、晶格能、Cu(I)的配位特点 Ag(I)、Au(III)的稳定性(热力学循环)及配位特点锌副族：Zn(II)两性、Hg(I)和Hg(II)的转化、配位、氧化还原和平衡
钛钒副族	Ti冶炼：多方法对比(补充讲解用TiI₄提纯Ti单质的原理，金属单质的制备总结) Ti化合物及性质：Ti(IV)、Ti(III)的颜色及其产生原因，和配合物结合起来；氧化还原反应 TiO₂在太阳能电池中的广泛应用、Ti的化合物的水解 Zr、Hf分离：分离技术(格拉汉姆定律的应用)、镧系收缩钒的含盐酸盐：钒的化合物的颜色、丰富的氧化态之间的转化
铬锰副族	Cr的性质：通过标准电极电势讲解Cr(II)的不稳定性及醋酸铬中Cr-Cr四重键的特殊存在 Cr(III)的两性Cr(VI)含氧酸在pH不同时的存在形式及氧化还原能力：键合特点、酸碱性影响、氧化还原性 Mn的性质：氧化还原性和稳定性；元素电势图；Mn的化合物在化学反应过程中的动力学问题，影响实验现象的观察金属-金属多重键：[Re₂Cl₈]^2?、多重键理论
铁系和铂系	Fe：稳定性；Fe(II)、Fe(III)、FeO₄^2?(VI)转化及合成中条件控制的问题元素电势图、条件电势、金属原子簇化学 Co和Ni性质：Co(III)、Ni(IV)的存在及稳定性 Co(II)、Co(III)水中稳定性差异：热力学活性和动力学活性分析铁系和铂系配合物：晶体场理论；立体化学；软硬酸碱，强调d⁸电子构型易形成平面正方形配合物的原因多羰基化合物：18电子规则、软硬酸碱、晶体场理论颜色：荷移跃迁、d–d跃迁

References 18

1	徐光宪.大学化学,2001,16(1),1. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20010101
2	申泮文.大学化学,2001,16(1),37. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20010108
3	申泮文;车云霞.大学化学,2002,17(4),9.
4	申泮文.大学化学,2003,18(3),2.
5	朱亚先;郑兰荪.大学化学,2006,21(3),149.
6	严宣申;王长富.化学通报,1985,(6),49.
7	王致勇;吕维纯;周昕.大学化学,1986,1(3),20.
8	张钟宪.大学化学,1999,14(5),35.
9	胡宗球;万坚;张爱东.高等理科教育,2006,70(6),40.
10	徐敏.大学化学,2010,25(6),31.
11	谢钢;杨奇;陈三平;高胜利.大学化学,2012,27(5),36.
12	胡锴;蔡苹;程功臻.大学化学,2018,33(9),47.
13	宋天佑;徐家宁;程功臻;王莉.无机化学(下册),第4版北京:高等教育出版社,2019.
14	蔡苹;罗威;胡锴;程功臻.大学化学,2022,37(11),2208033.
15	MelenR. L.Science2019,363,479.
16	ParkinG. J.Chem. Educ.2019,96,2467.
17	MartinieR. J.;BultemaJ. J.;Vander WalM. N.;BurkhartB. J.;Vander GriendD. A.;DeKockR. L. J.Chem. Educ.2011,88,1094.
18	GordonJ. B.;AlbertT.;DeyA.;SabuncuS.;SieglerM. A.;BillE.;Moënne-LoccozP.;GoldbergD. P. J.Am. Chem. Soc.2021,143,21637.

[1]	Bingbing Chen, Xuzhen Wang, Chuan Shi, Fuping Tian. Digital Empowerment: Reshaping the New Paradigm of Ideological and Political Education in Physical Chemistry Courses [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(9): 61-68.
[2]	Hao Hu, Chang Liu, Lin Guo, Hua Yuan, Linjun Huang. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Polymer Chemistry Teaching: Innovation, Practice and Implicit Challenges [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(9): 178-188.
[3]	Changhao Wang, Jieting Qin, Ying Zhang, Hongtao Bian, Jiani Ma, Xin Bo, Yashao Chen. Teaching Practice of Physics Chemistry Course Supported by SPOC Platform [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(8): 38-44.
[4]	Fang Li, Xiang Wu, Bing Li, Yougui Li. Design and Practice of Course Ideological and Political Education in Modern Instrumental Analysis Based on the OBE Concept [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(7): 26-33.
[5]	Wenyuan Hu, Jichuan Huo, Guoqing Zhong, Binyao Liu, Qiying Jiang, Qiulin Deng, Dingming Yang, Tinghong Zhang, Hongbo Li, Pingping Zhu. Construction and Exploration of an Innovative Talent Training Practical Curriculum System for Applied Chemistry at Local Universities [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(7): 55-61.
[6]	Yida Zhang, Haixia Zhang. Exploration and Practice of English Teaching in College Chemistry Courses: Taking the Instrumental Analysis Course as an Example [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(7): 79-82.
[7]	Jinghui Zhang, Wei Shen, Sheng Tang, Ru Jia, Wei Zhong. Exploration and Reflection on Interdisciplinary Teaching of Analytical Chemistry in the New Era of International Competition [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(7): 1-9.
[8]	Chang Guo, Haipeng Yang, Hui Fang, Yingguo Zhao, Yating Li. A Preliminary Exploration of DOK Teaching Practice in Physical Chemistry Course Based on Deep Learning: A Case Study on the Additional Pressure and Vapor Pressure of Curved Liquid Surfaces [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(6): 28-36.
[9]	Weifang Liu, Jidong Yang, Xiaowan Zeng, Liqiu Mao, Dulin Yin, Xiangping Chen, Lishan Yang. Curriculum Ideology and Engineering Practice of Undergraduate Course “Battery Materials” for Emerging Engineering Education [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(6): 93-100.
[10]	Houjin Li, Zhanxiang Liu, Yuan Zheng, Shuanglian Cai, Jie Han, Ying Xiong, Xingwen Sun, Chengshan Yuan, Guangao Yu, Qingwen Liu, Lin Wu, Qihan Zhang, Xin Du, Jianrong Zhang, Shuyong Zhang. Exploration and Practice of the Construction of the Basic Operation Standard of Organic Chemistry Experiment Based in Virtual Teaching Research [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(5): 230-237.
[11]	Hujun Qian, Rui Shi, Guanglu Wu, Xuanbo Zhu. A Preliminary Study on the Development of a Virtual Simulation Platform for Polymer Physics Teaching and Its Teaching Practice [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(4): 147-153.
[12]	Kaifu Zhang, Shan Gao, Bin Yang. Application of Theoretical Calculation with Fun Practice in Raman Spectroscopy Experimental Teaching [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(3): 62-67.
[13]	Yang Lei, Jieqiong Cai, Daming Sun, Caihong Tao. Exploration and Practice of Integrating Moral Education with Engineering Talent Development in the Instruction of “Principles of Chemical Engineering” [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(3): 230-236.
[14]	Qiuhong Wei, Qiuhua Wu, Huiliang Li, Chun Wang. Construction and Practice of National Online and Offline Hybrid First-Class Courses Based on the ADDIE Model: Taking the “Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry” Course as an Example [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(2): 184-190.
[15]	Dongyang Feng, Ming Xia, Jianhe Tang, Xiaoyun Sun, Defen Shen. Innovation and Practice of General Chemistry Course with Reduced Lecture Hour for Engineering Specialty: A Case Study of “Fundamentals of Electrochemistry” [J]. University Chemistry, 2025, 40(1): 157-163.

Guiding the Teaching of Chemistry of the Elements Using Basic Principles

RichHTML

PDF

Like

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 1

References 18

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Recommended 0