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2025 Vol. 40,No. 2Published:22 February 2025
Special Subject
  • Design of a Comprehensive Experiment for Photothermal/Colorimetric Dual-Mode Quantification of SARS-CoV-2
  • Jingbin Zeng, Wenjing Wang, Tianyu Zhao, Gengchen Guo, Chunpeng Jiao, Yongzhong Jiang, Congying Wen
  • We have designed a comprehensive experiment for the photothermal/colorimetric dual-mode quantification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By developing label nanoprobes with high photothermal conversion efficiency under near-infrared light and integrating them with a self-built small photothermal imager, we have effectively addressed the limitations of commercial colloidal gold test strips, such as low sensitivity and inability to quantify. This method is rapid and user-friendly, requiring only 15 minutes to complete, and enables both naked-eye colorimetric qualification and photothermal accurate quantification. With a detection limit as low as 1.2 pg·mL-1, this method surpasses commercial colloidal gold test strips by achieving accurate quantitative detection and improving sensitivity by nearly 10,000 times, significantly reducing the detection window period. Teaching practices have shown that this experiment enhances students’ comprehensive abilities, expands their academic horizons, and nurtures their scientific research literacy and innovation potential.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 1-10. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402027
  • Experimental Course Design and Application of Nanopore Electrochemical Instrument for Single-Molecule Measurements
  • Zhengli Hu, Yilun Ying, Jia Wang, Chengbing Zhong, Xuanfeng Kong, Xiaodong Yu, Wenwei Zhang, Jianrong Zhang, Yitao Long
  • Integrating scientific research with the experiments for analytical measurements is crucial for early engagement of chemistry undergraduates in Nanjing University. This approach not only facilitates practical scientific exploration but also integrates ideological and political education to help students correct values, nurture their research interests, and enhance their academic literacy. This paper presents a case study of the undergraduate course “Nanopore Electrochemical Measurement of Single Molecules”, conducted using a homemade instrument. The course adopts a student-centered two-phase experimental teaching mode that transitions from “verification learning” to “independent exploration”. Throughout the teaching process, the ideological and political elements such as self-improvement and innovation are integrated to inspire students to master cutting-edge scientific technologies and engage in independent exploratory activities. This course design effectively meets the educational goals of values, knowledge, and skills, providing valuable insights for developing and reforming chemistry experimental courses that incorporate scientific research.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 11-19. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202402048
  • Application of Intelligent Automatic Titrator in University Chemistry Practical Teaching
  • Jing Cao, Jiwen Chen
  • A robust teaching platform is crucial for enhancing educational quality. In traditional chemical titration experiments, the accuracy heavily relies on operators’ experience and skill, leading to long detection cycles and significant human errors. To diversify teaching methods and empower students with various titration techniques, this study introduces an automatic titration system utilizing intelligent algorithms into university chemistry practical teaching. The developed instrument employs real-time chemical reaction image capture and neural network algorithms for instant titration endpoint determination. It offers high accuracy, reliability, ease of operation, and traceable experimental data. The integration of intelligent titration instruments not only enhances the efficiency and precision of student experiments while reducing human errors, but also optimally allocates resources for developing both practical skills and theoretical understanding. Moreover, it facilitates independent evaluation and monitoring of teaching effectiveness, enabling timely adjustments in teaching strategies to effectively elevate teaching quality.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 20-27. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202403052
  • Design and Practice of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Disassembly and Assembly Experiment
  • Hua Xiao, Tao Chen, Shui Hu, Jie Li, Zunxiang Zeng, Hongyan Chen, Xianfang Xu, Fang Zhu
  • Understanding the structure and principles of analytical instruments is crucial in chemistry education and fundamental for scientific research in universities. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is extensively utilized in chemistry, life sciences, pharmaceuticals, environmental studies, food science, and petrochemical analysis. To deepen students’ comprehension, we designed an experimental disassembly and assembly using a decommissioned HPLC instrument. This experiment encourages students to dismantle the instrument, explore its internal workings, and apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios. Integrated with ideological and political education, the experiment centers on student-centered inquiry, enhancing their independent thinking, problem-solving abilities, and fostering a spirit of exploration and innovation. It aims to cultivate a sense of patriotism through dedication to scientific and technological advancement.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 28-39. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202404020
  • Self-Developed Surface Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
  • Xiaoping Zhang, Pinghua Hu, Jun Zhang, Wenwen Yang, Jingjing Cao
  • In response to the current situation in chemistry education, where experiments predominantly focus on verification and students’ ability for independent innovation is limited, a novel experiment titled “Self-developed Surface Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Unsaturated Fatty Acids” has been designed. By guiding students to build their own atmospheric corona discharge ionization device, the experiment offers a deep understanding of the principles of ionization and epoxidation, encouraging experimental initiative. The homemade device is simple, efficient, and significantly reduces teaching costs, while also avoiding the use of organic reagents, reflecting an environmentally friendly approach. In this experiment, students investigate the epoxidation of the C＝C bond of oleic acid with the water radical cation (H2O)2+·, a novel active species, for the rapid quantitative analysis of oleic acid in vegetable oils. The experiment emphasizes essential analytical chemistry techniques and organic mass spectrometry skills, with the goal of cultivating students’ hands-on abilities and fostering scientific innovation. This experiment is particularly suitable for undergraduate chemistry laboratory courses.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 40-49. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405121
  • Application of the Teaching Microplasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer in Innovative Experimental Teaching
  • Yurong Deng, Jiahui Yang, Jinyi Zhang, Chengbin Zheng
  • This paper introduces the design concept and basic structure of the modular teaching microplasma atomic emission spectrometer, using it as an example to demonstrate teaching reform strategies. The self-constructed device experimental teaching model enhances students’ understanding of fundamental principles while improving their hands-on skills and innovative abilities. By incorporating 3D printing and AI technologies, the approach aims to enhance teaching efficiency and equip students with the skills to apply advanced technologies. The modular teaching method allows students to choose study content based on their interests, supporting personalized learning experiences and fostering comprehensive analytical abilities and creative thinking.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 50-58. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407032
  • New Life of an Old Spectrometer: An Innovative Experiment Based on the Digitization of an Obsolete Instrument
  • Jing Wu, Wei Wang, Jingfeng Lan, E Yu, Qiaosheng Pu
  • Today, commercial analytical instruments used in teaching are often enclosed and highly automated, which, while convenient for routine analysis, can hinder the demonstration of instrument components and operations during the teaching process. To address this issue, we modified an old nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer to enable digital signal output. By replacing its mechanical recorder and cathode-ray tube oscilloscope with a data acquisition card and custom software, we successfully facilitated the display, manipulation, and storage of spectra on a computer. This modification enhances the instrument’s suitability for teaching, allowing for more direct observation and hands-on operation, thereby improving students’ understanding and stimulating their innovative thinking. It significantly enhances the educational outcomes of instrumental analysis experiments.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 59-66. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408127
  • Construction of an Open Upconversion Fluorescence Test System and Its Application in Laboratory Teaching
  • Shangqing Zhang, Liming Tang, Mingli Chen
  • This paper introduces the design, construction, and application of an open upconversion fluorescence test system. The system consists of a laser light source, a beam turning mirror, a sample chamber, an optical fiber spectrometer, and a computer. The modular design concept allows students to independently construct and debug the instrument, thereby enhancing their understanding of fluorescence quantitative analysis methods, the principles and structure of fluorescence instruments, and stimulating their curiosity. This approach cultivates an innovative spirit and hones practical skills.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 67-75. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408128
  • Teaching Design and Practice of Modular Self-Built Ion Chromatography
  • Zhaobin Chen, Huamin Li, Shunü Peng, Pingping Wu, Shunliu Deng, Yiru Wang
  • To align with the training objectives of the Chemical Metrology and Technology major, an experimental course on self-assembling ion chromatography instruments has been integrated into undergraduate laboratory teaching. By engaging in the hands-on assembly and optimization of these instruments, students deepen their understanding of ion chromatography principles and structures, enhancing their practical skills and innovative thinking. The experiment utilizes commercial components alongside custom-made parts to construct a fully functional ion chromatography system, calibrate its parameters, and evaluate its performance. Additionally, it analyzes anion concentrations in real water samples such as tap water, lake water, and beverages, yielding positive educational outcomes. This experimental design exemplifies the assembly of ion chromatography instruments, showcasing the design concepts and implementation processes involved, with the aim of inspiring more educators and students to engage in instrument design and the development of new methodologies.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 82-88. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408135
  • Development of the BOD-Q Water Quality Analyzer and Its Application in Laboratory Teaching
  • Cheng Song, Sha Wang, Hong Liu
  • Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a critical indicator in scientific research related to water pollution control. The traditional BOD testing method, based on dissolved oxygen consumption, has several disadvantages, including a long testing period, significant errors, poor reproducibility, and complex procedures, which hinder the advancement of water environment and ecology research as well as its application in experimental teaching. This paper presents a new principle, method, and instrument for BOD detection, detailing the development of an innovative scientific instrument—the “BOD-Q Water Quality Analyzer”—and its application in laboratory teaching. The results indicate that this instrument reduces the BOD detection time from the conventional 5 days to just 0.5 to 5 hours, with a detection error of less than 10%. Integrating this instrument into laboratory teaching enriches the curriculum and enhances teaching quality.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 89-96. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409005
  • Application and Exploration of the EXS800 Teaching Mass Spectrometer in Instrumental Analysis Laboratory Teaching
  • Wei Shao, Wanqun Zhang, Wanqun Hu, Kaiping Yang, Weiwei Li, Qiang Zhou, Si Liu, Pingping Zhu
  • Mass spectrometers are highly sophisticated instruments, most of which are imported from abroad. Our center (National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education at the University of Science and Technology of China) had purchased the EXS800 teaching mass spectrometer in 2022 and introduced it into undergraduate instrumental analysis laboratory. Through disassembling or assembling of the teaching mass spectrometer by themselves, students’ understanding about the internal structure of the mass spectrum had been deepened. At the same time, it can also reduce students’ awe for large instruments, stimulate their curiosity, and enhance their practical ability and innovative consciousness.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 97-103. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407062
  • Design of a Novel Reactor to Prevent Gas Leakage and Its Application in University Laboratory Teaching
  • Yuping Tang, Lishi Zhou, Shuya Wang, Leyan Zhang, Yuxiang Hu, Caicai Lu, Wei Lin, Zihao Wu
  • Residual gas leakage is a common issue during the disassembly of traditional exhaust gas absorption experimental devices. This study designs a novel reactor based on the principle of pressure equilibrium, allowing for the effective production of materials while preventing the leakage of harmful gases. After introducing the design principles and operational procedures of the reactor, we compare the performance of the traditional and new reactors in an undergraduate chemistry laboratory course. The new reactor not only ensures experimental results and efficiency but also significantly reduces residual gas leakage during device disassembly. This advancement minimizes the exposure of laboratory operators to harmful exhaust gases, decreases environmental pollution, and markedly enhances the safety and environmental sustainability of laboratory teaching. It further promotes the integration of environmental protection concepts into chemical laboratory education.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 104-110. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408073
  • Preparation and Optical Properties Investigation of Metal Nanoparticles for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
  • Xindi Pei, Jiayi Wang, Chengxi Fan, Renhao Deng, Yinhao Pei, Zeyu Zhang, Yuzhe Wang, Pingping Wu, Hua Zhang, Xiang Wang
  • This experiment is designed to explore the optical properties of metal nanoparticles and their applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). It covers the synthesis, characterization, and applications of metal nanomaterials, allowing students to learn inorganic synthesis techniques and optical characterization methods while gaining insight into the experimental workflow of material preparation, property characterization, and system application-core elements of current scientific research. This experiment is suitable for students at various stages of their studies. Specifically, students will synthesize metal nanoparticles with varying sizes and shapes by adjusting the synthesis conditions at fist. Then they will characterize the optical properties and morphology using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), helping them relate these observations to basic nanophotonics principles. Finally, through the application of SERS, students will learn how preparation and characterization steps can be optimized to enhance detection results. This stepwise learning approach not only deepens students’ understanding of professional knowledge but also fosters scientific thinking.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 111-120. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409019
  • Identification of Nanoparticles and Observation of Diffusion on Cell Membranes Using Darkfield Microscopy: Recommending a Chemical Measurement Experiment
  • Yuanfang Sun, Ran Zhang, Tian Luo, Xin Zhang, Yiru Wang, Tengxiang Huang, Ning Fang
  • Single-particle tracking represents a significant technological breakthrough for real-time observation of dynamic biological processes, particularly in uncovering mechanisms hidden in static observations. With advancements in optical microscopy, commercial instruments now enable real-time observation of biological processes at the microscopic scale. This experiment explores the size effect of plasmonic nanomaterials using gold and silver nanoparticles as imaging probes. Additionally, live cell imaging experiments are designed to introduce single-particle tracking into undergraduate education by observing the diffusion of gold nanorods on cell membranes as an exemplary experiment in Chemical Metrology and Technology. The experiment is rich in content and engaging, targeting second- and third-year undergraduates who have a foundational understanding of chemistry and chemical biology and are interested in Chemical Metrology and Technology. The goal is to integrate cutting-edge research in single-particle tracking into undergraduate teaching, encouraging independent exploration and stimulating students’ interest in scientific research while cultivating their professional skills.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 121-129. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409025
  • Modular Assembly and Educational Application of a Teaching Raman Spectrometer
  • Weichun Ye, Haipeng Yang, Ting Pan, Xianghua Fan, Xiujia Yang, Ran Wang, Mengmeng Ma, Xinxin Xu, Baoxin Zhang, Yongwen Shen, Zhi-Cong Zeng
  • Raman spectroscopy offers unique advantages for analytical applications. In this study, a teaching Raman spectrometer was successfully developed to enhance students’ comprehensive abilities in the field of chemical measurement science. The instrument is characterized by its compact size, low cost, and modular design, allowing for easy disassembly and reassembly. The self-developed components were designed for modular assembly, and the instrument was used in laboratory teaching to demonstrate Raman spectroscopy applications in both scientific and engaging ways. Through understanding the principles of Raman spectroscopy and mastering testing techniques, students can improve their practical skills, problem-solving abilities, and innovative thinking. This experiment offers students a deeper insight into the internal structure, instrument design, and performance optimization of scientific instruments, and is expected to stimulate their enthusiasm for instrument development.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 130-136. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409014
  • Development and Teaching Design of a Single-Molecule Electrical Measurement Instrument
  • Yalan Chen, Yuqing Ye, Haojie Liu, Junyang Liu, Wenfeng Wu, Jie Bai, Xiaohui Li, Wenjing Hong
  • In an effort to bridge the gap in undergraduate laboratory teaching content related to single-molecule scale electrical characterization, we have developed a high-precision instrument. And, this instrument, designed to measure the electrical properties of single-molecule devices, is tailored specifically for laboratory teaching courses. This experiment has become a required course for “Chemical Metrology and Technology” major at Xiamen University, as well as part of the Chemical Metrology Experiments in the Chemistry “101 Plan”, displaying a distinct interdisciplinary character. Undertaking this laboratory course allows students to explore the emerging trends in future chip technology while simultaneously honing their cross-disciplinary thinking skills in a hands-on learning environment.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 137-150. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202410042
Study and Reform of Chemical Education
  • Survey and Recommendations on the Theoretical Course Content of Organic Chemistry for Chemistry Majors in Higher Education
  • Yanguang Wang, Xin-Ping Hui, Yuqiang Ding, Chenjiang Liu, Zhan Lu
  • To enhance the development of organic chemistry courses in higher education institutions and continually improve the quality of instruction, the National Instructional Committee of Chemistry for Higher Education commissioned a comprehensive survey focusing on the class hours and teaching content of organic chemistry courses within chemistry programs. This paper analyzes, compares, and summarizes the survey results, identifies several challenges in the current teaching practices of organic chemistry, and offers recommendations for optimizing the course content.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 151-158. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406073
  • Application of Information Technology in Organic Chemistry Laboratory Teaching
  • Ruige Li, Dongcan Lv, Guangqin Gao, Jiaxi Xu, Wenbo Shen
  • This paper examines the application of various information technologies in organic chemistry laboratory education and investigates how these technologies can enhance teaching effectiveness, stimulate students’ interest and enthusiasm for learning, and improve their experimental skills and innovative capabilities. By analyzing the current state of organic chemistry laboratory education, this study proposes a series of innovative pedagogical reform methods that integrate information technology and explores the potential of these technologies within these methods. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by modern information technology in higher education
  • 2025, 40 (2): 159-166. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405093
  • Exploration and Practice of the Cultivation of Multi-dimensional Innovation Ability of Undergraduates Majoring in Chemistry
  • Chengfang Liu, Xu Liu, Wenyong Lai
  • In response to the rapidly evolving era, cultivating chemical professionals with multi-dimensional innovation capabilities is crucial for national development. Addressing challenges in undergraduate training for chemistry majors, this study adopts diverse course structures, personalized guidance, and integrated collaborative training. It introduces a “mentorship-precision-internationalization” research model and establishes a “project-solution-base” three-element practical approach, aiming to achieve harmonized development across “talent-discipline-research-industry”. Through these strategies, the multi-dimensional innovation abilities of undergraduate chemistry students are enhanced significantly, providing valuable insights for the education and training of future chemistry professionals.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 167-174. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405075
  • Teaching Design of Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry: Building on a Strong Foundation for Emphasizing Application
  • Yajuan Li, Shangbin Sang, Wansong Chen, Limiao Chen, Juan Li, Younian Liu, Jianhan Huang
  • “Inorganic synthetic chemistry” is a core course in the applied chemistry program at Central South University, characterized by its complexity, comprehensive content, and high level of difficulty. In recent years, we have developed a rational teaching design that emphasizes the principles of synthesis reactions (chemical thermodynamics and kinetics). Our approach integrates synthetic design, methods, and technologies into a cohesive framework, progressing from fundamental principles to practical applications. We incorporate the latest research advancements and the faculty’s own research achievements, aligning with national priorities in scientific development and environmental protection. Throughout the course, we emphasize the critical importance of ethics and responsibility in scientific practice, fostering a sense of national mission and pride in technological innovation. This integrated approach aims to cultivate graduates with a solid theoretical foundation, comprehensive professional knowledge, and a strong sense of duty in the field of applied chemistry.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 175-183. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405102
  • Construction and Practice of National Online and Offline Hybrid First-Class Courses Based on the ADDIE Model: Taking the “Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry” Course as an Example
  • Qiuhong Wei, Qiuhua Wu, Huiliang Li, Chun Wang
  • In the context of the construction of first-class courses, the development of online and offline hybrid first-class courses requires guidance schemes. This paper follows the five stages of the ADDIE model—analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation, integrating the “Learning App” smart teaching platform, to construct a framework for the development of online and offline hybrid first-class courses. This framework has been applied in the teaching practice of the “Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry” course, providing a detailed explanation of each stage in the ADDIE model. This construction plan is clear, easy to implement, and has not only guided the development of the national first-class course in “Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry” at our university, improving both student learning outcomes and teacher effectiveness, but also offers a reference scheme for the construction of other hybrid first-class courses, demonstrating strong potential for broad application.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 184-190. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405034
  • Exploration of Diversified Education Practices and Talent Cultivation Based on a Soft Matter Functional Materials Innovation Platform
  • Zhan'ao Tan, Runnan Yu
  • This paper explores the role of the Soft Matter Functional Materials Innovation Platform in advancing diversified education practices and talent cultivation. The platform is characterized by cross-disciplinary collaboration, practical innovation, and open, autonomous learning environments, offering students ample opportunities for hands-on practice and creative exploration. The paper discusses the platform’s innovative approaches in curriculum design, teaching methodologies, experimental practices, and competition-based learning, highlighting the positive impacts on students’ comprehensive abilities and the cultivation of versatile, innovative scientific talent. It also evaluates the platform’s effectiveness in providing practical experiences, stimulating creative thinking, promoting interdisciplinary cooperation, strengthening ties with real-world applications, and fostering lifelong learning attitudes.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 191-200. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405007
Survey of Chemistry
  • Research on Photochemical and Electrochemical Generation of Aryl Radicals and Their Subsequent Transformations
  • Xiuliang Cheng, Shiyan Cheng, Lei Gong
  • Aryl radicals, pivotal intermediates in myriad chemical reactions due to their distinct electronic structure and remarkable reactivity, present formidable challenges in terms of efficient generation and directed transformation. This paper highlights recent advancements where chemists have effectively tackled this challenge by harnessing rapidly evolving photochemical and electrochemical techniques, enabling their use in diverse C―H arylation processes among other syntheses. The innovative substrate activation methods and subsequent reaction control strategies not only enrich the undergraduate curriculum in radical chemistry but also deepen students’ comprehension of radical reaction mechanisms.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 201-209. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405124
  • Overview of Organic Electrochemical Synthesis
  • Shuhui Li, Yujing Zhou, Haitao Tang
  • Organic electrochemical synthesis stands out for its environmentally friendly and efficient characteristics. In recent years, the field has seen rapid advancements in both research and industrial applications, making it a prominent area of study. Therefore, understanding the fundamental concepts of organic electrochemical synthesis is of significant importance. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles, advantages, electrochemical synthesis apparatus, electrolytic methods, and recent developments in the field. The goal is to equip students with the foundational knowledge of organic electrochemical synthesis, highlight its benefits and cutting-edge progress, foster an awareness of green chemistry, and broaden their overall understanding of chemistry.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 210-215. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405077
  • Oxygen-Centered Radicals
  • Yuxiao Hu, Bingbing Huang, Wenju Chang, Jie Shen
  • Free radicals are fundamental in organic chemistry, forming the cornerstone of organic reactions alongside other high-energy intermediates such as carbocations, carbanions, and carbenes. Among these, oxygen-centered radicals represent a particularly unique and important class of active intermediates. Their distinctive properties not only enable them to initiate a variety of organic reactions but also drive extensive research in healthcare and environmental protection. This article aims to thoroughly analyze and highlight the physicochemical properties and diverse synthesis strategies of four key oxygen-centered radicals: triplet oxygen (·O2·), hydroxyl radical (HO·), superoxide anion radical (O2-·), and alkoxy radical (RO·). Additionally, it elucidates their specific application examples and significant impacts in the field of organic synthesis.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 216-227. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405213
  • Metallene: An Emerging Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial
  • Xuan Ai, Shuni Li, Yu Chen
  • Metallene, a novel two-dimensional metallic material composed of metal atoms, exhibits a thickness of only one or a few atomic layers. Its ultra-thin layer structure endows metallene with exceptionally high specific surface area and atomic utilization efficiency, attracting considerable attention. This paper provides a concise overview of metallene, covering its definition, classification, preparation methods, and applications in electrocatalytic water splitting and biomedical fields.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 228-233. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405144
Science Education
  • Popular Science Demonstration Experiment of Invisible Pattern Display and Oil-Water Separation Based on the Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interfacial
  • Chengcheng Huang, Hao Cheng, Xianhong Zhang
  • Interface phenomena and their related applications are prevalent in everyday life. This experiment, based on the theoretical principles of solid-liquid interface wetting and the relationship between material chemical structure and interface wetting, provides a visual demonstration of surface wetting phenomena and the applications of hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings. To emphasize the core concepts of beautiful chemistry and green chemistry, two engaging and visually appealing experiments—“Invisible Pattern Display” and “Oil-Water Separation”—were independently designed. These experiments effectively illustrate the characterization and practical applications of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The method used is simple, safe, and highly visual, combining scientific and artistic elements. It allows participants to closely experience the preparation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, enhancing their practical skills and stimulating interest in chemistry and new materials and technologies.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 234-241. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405027
  • Embracing Aging: The Evolution of Oxidation
  • Shuhui Li, Yunqi Wu, Yingming Pan
  • In today’s era, “health preservation” is prevalent. “Antioxidation” has become a hot topic, and anti-aging is a part of antioxidants. This article takes a fantastic journey of free radicals, uncovering the reasons behind daily phenomena such as wrinkles on the skin, hardening of plastic products after prolonged use, and spoilage of edible oils. At the same time, correct antioxidant methods were proposed. Through this paper, we hope to reduce people’s anxiety about aging appearance and protect their physical and mental health. In contemporary society, the concept of “health preservation” is gaining prominence, with “antioxidation” emerging as a significant topic of interest, particularly in the context of anti-aging. This paper embarks on a captivating exploration of free radicals, revealing the underlying mechanisms behind everyday phenomena such as the appearance of wrinkles on the skin, the hardening of plastic products with prolonged use, and the spoilage of cooking oils. Additionally, effective antioxidant strategies are proposed. Through this work, we aim to alleviate concerns regarding the aging process and promote both physical and mental well-being.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 242-246. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405088
  • Unveiling the Molecular Mysteries inside Muscles
  • Zixiao Dou, Zhizhong Shen, Kin Shing Chan
  • This article narrates the challenges faced by protagonists Xiao Zhou and Xiao Huang as they resume exercise after the COVID-19 pandemic. Xiao Zhou, having been inactive for a prolonged period, seeks to regain physical fitness but overexerts himself, leading to physical and mental exhaustion and a decline in condition. The article explores the physiological role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and delves into the chemical processes involving γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and cortisol, influenced by exercise and impacting mood and muscle growth adversely. Additionally, it examines the effects of exercise on muscle fibers.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 247-250. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405149
  • “Rebirth” of Antarctic Fish: What We Know about Antifreeze Proteins
  • Yufei Shao, Mingran Xing, Jiajia Chen, Hongjian Lu, Zhen Shen, Kin Shing Chan
  • A summer-born Antarctic fish experiences its first winter and learns from its mother about the key to survival: antifreeze proteins and their mechanism of action. Through subsequent challenges in freezing conditions, it discovers diverse antifreeze mechanisms and explores the extensive applications of antifreeze proteins in nature.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 251-254. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405151
  • The Journey towards Portable NO Inhalation Therapy
  • Yangbo Zhao, Yuyan Zhang, Jiahui Zhai, Yujia Mao, Zhen Shen, Kin Shing Chan
  • In an emergency room, nitric oxide (NO) miraculously saved a child from respiratory failure. While the medical staff were amazed by NO’s remarkable effects, they were equally frustrated by the bulkiness and safety concerns of the gas cylinders used to deliver it. However, a casual conversation with a chemist brought a surprising revelation: NO could be generated on demand, thanks to the stability of nitrogen compounds in various valence states, which allowed for multiple generation methods. This inspired the development of a portable NO therapy device. With the collective efforts of the R&D team, various solutions were proposed, evaluated, and tested. After numerous refinements, the portable NO generation device was successfully developed and is now widely used in hospitals, replacing traditional cylinders. Praised for its portability and ease of use, the device has been well-received by doctors and nurses. The R&D team was invited to share their insights into the development process and the importance of critical thinking, creativity, team management, and collaboration, all of which were key to their success.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 255-261. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405163
  • Hunting the Culprit of Lung Cancer: Insights into Radon
  • Yichen Zhai, Ying Gao
  • This paper unveils the fundamental properties, environmental hazards, detection methods, and beneficial applications of radon through a narrative involving a lung cancer case. Integrating knowledge from chemistry and environmental sciences, it enhances clarity on the nature of radon for readers.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 262-266. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405160
  • The Extraordinary World of Hard Carbon
  • Qianqian Wang, Haoyu Ma, Zhen Wang, Gang Xie
  • Hard carbon, encompassing resin carbon, pyrolytic carbon from organic polymers, carbon black, and other carbonaceous materials, garners significant attention due to its distinctive structure. This paper adopts an anthropomorphic approach through popular science lectures to introduce the structure, preparation methods, properties, and applications of hard carbon. This approach aims to deepen readers’ understanding of hard carbon materials.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 267-271. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405054
Chemistry Laboratory
  • Electrochemistry Mediated Direct Amination to Construct the Hemiaminal Ether Skeletons (HESs)
  • Ke Liu, Mingjing Deng, Jingbo Chang, Ailing Wang, Guoshuai Wu, Longyang Dian
  • This paper presents a novel electrochemical synthesis experiment designed for undergraduate education, utilizing inexpensive and readily available benzotriazole and tetrahydrofuran as starting materials. The experiment successfully achieves the direct amination of ether-derived carbon-hydrogen (C(sp3)―H) bonds at room temperature to construct hemiaminal ether skeletons (HESs). By integrating scientific research outcomes with innovative pedagogical approaches, this experiment aims to stimulate and cultivate students’ creative thinking while providing insights into the latest trends in modern green organic electrochemical synthesis.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 272-277. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405060
  • Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium Complex: A Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment
  • Zhongming Song, Xingting Ma, Shuqing Li, Shengran A, Yuyang Zhang, Jing Tang, Yue Yao, Yueyuan Mao, Shengbiao Zheng, Wanwan Yao
  • To enhance undergraduate students’ practical skills, this comprehensive experiment involves the synthesis of an organometallic iridium complex through organic synthesis, followed by an investigation of its photophysical properties. The experimental procedures encompass material synthesis, separation and purification, structure and property characterization. This multifaceted experiment covers a broad range of topics and provides a rich knowledge base. Our objective is to systematically develop students’ research skills, cultivate their understanding of the structure-performance relationships in organic optoelectronic materials, and broaden their academic horizons.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 278-288. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405106
  • Comprehensive Experiment of Preparation of Cobalt Hydroxide Nanosheet/Nickel Foam Electrode for Water Electrolysis
  • Kaihua Liu, Tao He, Qinghua Guo, Yonggen Weng, Shanshan Liu
  • To enhance the ability of applied chemistry students to apply their knowledge effectively, we designed a comprehensive experimental process utilizing cobalt hydroxide nanosheets/nickel foam as multifunctional electrodes for water electrolysis. The experiment encompasses key topics, including the Nernst equation, the principles of water electrolysis, the preparation and characterization of the cobalt hydroxide nanosheet/nickel foam electrode, performance testing for water electrolysis, analysis of experimental results, and discussion of optimization strategies. This comprehensive experimental design reinforces foundational knowledge in electrochemistry and deepens students’ understanding of the Nernst equation and electrolysis. It encourages students to integrate theory with practice, fosters their interest in scientific research, and equips them with systematic research methodologies, ultimately enhancing their ability to analyze and solve problems.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 289-296. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405104
  • Preparation of Porous Carbon Materials Derived from MOF and Their Capacitance Performance: Design of a Comprehensive Chemistry Experiment Based on the OBE Concept
  • Junxin Duan, Ao Yu, Quanhua Li, Deyu Qu, Dan Liu, Dongbing Cheng, Dongxue Wang, Xi Li
  • Grounded in the principles of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) and aligned with graduation requirements and course objectives, we designed a comprehensive experiment titled “Preparation of Porous Carbon Materials Derived from MOF and Their Capacitance Performance”. This experiment involves the synthesis of Zn-MOF-5 using a direct addition method under atmospheric pressure, followed by the preparation of layered porous carbon materials through processes such as carbonization and acid washing, which were then characterized. Finally, we investigated the electrochemical properties of these materials. Through this comprehensive experiment, students not only gain insights into the cutting-edge field of supercapacitors but also enhance their skills in material synthesis and characterization, instrument operation, and data analysis. This experience fosters their ability to integrate knowledge across disciplines, solve complex problems, stimulate innovative thinking, and develop teamwork and communication skills. Ultimately, this supports students in meeting the graduation requirements of advanced engineering education.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 297-305. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405099
  • Experimental Design for the Copper/Dioxygen-Catalyzed Synthesis of Asymmetric Urea Derivatives
  • Chaolumen Bai, Yongsheng Bao
  • The copper/dioxygen catalyzed radical reactions that features high reaction efficiency, mild reaction conditions, good functional group compatibility and environmental friendliness, has been widely applied in organic synthesis. Inspired by the principles of green and sustainable development and drawing on our recent research findings, we designed a comprehensive experiment for the copper/dioxygen-catalyzed cleavage of C―C bonds in amides to synthesize asymmetric urea derivatives at room temperature. This experiment features readily accessible starting materials, mild reaction conditions, ease of execution, and does not require complex instrumentation. It effectively fosters students’ innovative abilities while providing insights into the forefront of radical chemistry. Consequently, this experiment holds significant practical and educational value.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 306-311. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405118
  • Preparation and Performance Characterization of Perovskite/Organic Tandem Photovoltaic Devices: A Comprehensive Researching Chemistry Experiment
  • Zhan'ao Tan, Minghua Li, Wenli Wang, Zhenyu Sun
  • Perovskite materials exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties and tunable bandgaps, making them a promising choice for efficient photovoltaic devices. Organic solar cells, with features like solution processing and flexibility, share a similar device structure with perovskite solar cells. Building perovskite/organic tandem structures can effectively enhance spectral utilization, surpassing the theoretical efficiency of single-junction devices, showing broader application potential. This experiment, starting from the forefront progress of tandem photovoltaic devices, recommends a comprehensive chemical design experiment for undergraduate students to understand the principles and advancements of perovskite/organic tandem cells, aiming to enhance their innovative thinking and experimental skills. The experiment involves tandem perovskite devices consisting of wide-bandgap perovskite front sub-cells, an intermediate layer, and organic rear sub-cells, covering thin film fabrication processes based on liquid-phase and vacuum deposition methods. Characterization of perovskite films’ microstructure and crystalline properties is conducted using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the photovoltaic performance of prepared tandem devices is measured using simulated sunlight and electrical testing systems. With moderate difficulty and rich content, this experiment aims to enable students to comprehend the working principles and frontier developments of photovoltaic devices, fostering their interest in solar cells and nurturing their research innovation and practical skills.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 312-319. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405044
  • Exploring the Application of Artificial Intelligence Prediction Models in Organic Chemistry Laboratory Teaching: A Preliminary Study
  • Chengzhuo Zhou, Zhaojun Xie
  • Organic chemistry laboratory is a fundamental, compulsory course in chemistry and related disciplines, with synthesis experiments at their core. This paper introduces artificial intelligence prediction models into the teaching of synthesis experiments in organic chemistry courses. Specifically, the ASKCOS model is applied to perform both forward synthesis prediction and retrosynthesis prediction. The results indicate that the existing model provides reliable predictions for the synthesis experiments covered in the curriculum, with hit rates for both forward and retrosynthesis predictions reaching as high as 88.5%. The integration of AI prediction models into undergraduate laboratory teaching enhances students’ understanding of organic chemical synthesis, promotes the concept of AI-assisted organic synthesis, fosters interdisciplinary collaboration, improves teaching quality, and encourages divergent thinking, thereby laying a strong foundation for their future research work.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 320-331. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405090
  • “On Water” Catalyst-Free Mukaiyama-Aldol Reaction towards 3-Difluoroalkyl 3-Hydroxyloxindole
  • Mengyao Zhang, Xingye Gou, You Huang, Huijuan Liu, Jinsheng Yu
  • This study presents an innovative teaching approach that integrates cutting-edge research into the organic chemistry curriculum through a “task-driven” group-based inquiry model. The focus is on the environmentally friendly “on water” strategy, demonstrating a catalyst-free Mukaiyama-aldol reaction between 1-methylisatin and difluoroenoxysilane, utilizing water as the solvent. This approach efficiently constructs 3-difluoroalkyl-3-hydroxyoxindole, a high-value compound. Four comparative control experiments were conducted by student groups, using common organic solvents (dichloromethane, toluene, methanol) alongside water. The results helped students independently assess the advantages of water as a solvent in organic reactions, challenging the traditional reliance on organic solvents. This pedagogical method avoids passive, lecture-based teaching, combining theoretical understanding with hands-on experimentation to deepen students’ comprehension of green chemistry and frontier research in organic chemistry. The integration of foundational knowledge, scientific inquiry, and professional chemical skills represents a successful strategy for fostering high-quality talent in chemistry.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 332-340. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405126
  • Design of an Undergraduate Experiment on the Synthesis of Cyclopent-2-enone Derivatives Catalyzed by Rare Earth Metals
  • Mengxia Feng, Xiaohong Li, Jianqiang Hu, Liangbin Huang
  • This paper presents the design of an undergraduate experiment utilizing the rare-earth catalyst ErCl3·6H2O to promote the one-step synthesis of cyclopent-2-enone derivatives. This reaction involves the biomass platform compound furfural and the commodity chemical dibenzylamine, proceeding via a Nazarov reaction and 4π-electrocyclization to afford important synthon cyclopentyl-2-enone derivatives in high yield. The experiment consists of four main stages: synthesis, filtration, recrystallization, and characterization. The project is characterized by its mild reaction conditions, non-toxic reagents, straightforward operation, good reproducibility, short reaction time, and high product yield, ideal for undergraduate laboratory courses. Furthermore, the experiment introduces important concepts such as green chemistry, high-value transformation of biomass platform compounds, and the theme of rare-earth metal catalysis. This project not only enriches the undergraduate experiment course, but also enhances the students’ interest and accomplishment in chemistry.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 341-347. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405152
  • Electrochemical C―H Oxidation of Cyclohexene via a Radical Pathway
  • Yingxuan Zhong, Zhankun Wei, Libo Zhou, Jiayuan Zong, Mengfan Li, Xu Cheng
  • The synthesis of cyclohexene is a classic experiment in basic organic chemistry laboratory courses. Utilizing cyclohexene as a substrate, we demonstrate the significant role of radical reactions in modern chemistry by performing electrochemical C―H bond functionalization. In this study, we achieve the oxidation of the C―H bond in cyclohexene under electrochemical conditions using N-hydroxyphthalimide as both a hydrogen atom transfer catalyst and an oxidizing agent, eliminating the need for additional oxidants. The process employs inexpensive and readily available electrode materials, and the solvent used can be recycled. Furthermore, students can gain fundamental insights into this C―H bond oxidation reaction through electrochemical analyses and bond dissociation energy assessments. The reaction conditions are mild and safe, with a duration suitable for undergraduate laboratory courses. The reproducibility of this method has been validated by multiple undergraduate students.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 348-356. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405158
  • Innovative Experimental Design for the Preparation and Characterization of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells via Full-Solution Method
  • Weibo Yan, Yicheng Wang
  • Solar cells represent a primary means of harnessing solar energy and are a significant area of development in renewable energy. In recent years, perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative, demonstrating significantly enhanced photovoltaic conversion efficiencies and the potential to replace traditional solar technologies such as silicon (Si) and cadmium telluride (CdTe). The fabrication of perovskite solar cell devices typically relies on high-vacuum thermal deposition equipment, which is costly and entails complex manufacturing processes, thereby complicating its incorporation into undergraduate laboratory courses. This paper presents an innovative experiment designed for the “New Energy Materials and Devices” program, focusing on the preparation of inverted planar perovskite solar cells using a full-solution spin-coating method. This approach reduces equipment requirements, simplifies the fabrication process, ensures good reproducibility, and enhances safety. It facilitates a deeper understanding for students regarding the working principles, fundamental processes, and characterization techniques associated with solar cells.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 357-363. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405176
  • Visible-Light Photoredox Synthesis of α-Aryl Cyclic Amines
  • Wentao Xu, Jiemin Ma, Yuhua Zhong
  • Photocatalytic synthesis has garnered significant attention over the past decade due to its mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and excellent tolerance for functional groups, as well as its selectivity. While most undergraduate organic synthesis experiments focus on thermal reactions, radical photochemistry — an area at the forefront of research — has received less emphasis. The photoredox α-amino C(sp3)―H arylation reaction has been developed to produce valuable α-arylcycloalkylamines. This reaction is not only green and efficient, but also straightforward, making it accessible and comprehensible for students. Its inclusion in the curriculum enriches the content of photocatalytic reactions in basic organic chemistry courses and lays a solid foundation for further exploration in organic photochemistry.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 364-370. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405159
  • Visible Light-Catalyzed Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Caffeine
  • Congjun Zhu, Shijie Zhang, Tao Guo, Jinwei Yuan
  • Visible light catalysis offers several advantages, including mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and broad functional group compatibility, making it a powerful tool in synthetic chemistry. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic frameworks and fluorinated functional groups are widely present in bioactive molecules. Selectively introducing a difluoromethyl group (CF2H) into nitrogen heterocycles can significantly influence the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of lead drug candidates. This paper reports a visible light-mediated radical difluoromethylation of caffeine, employing [bis(difluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene as the difluoromethylating reagent. The reaction proceeds without the need for transition metals or oxidants, is straightforward to perform, and easy for students to learn, offering both educational and practical value.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 371-377. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405187
  • Photocatalytic Oxidation for the Green Synthesis of β-Naphthaldehyde
  • Dongdong Guo, Yongpo Zhang, Congcong Yin, Jinzhong Zhao, Yongqiang Wang
  • The oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes is a fundamental reaction in organic synthesis. Introducing this reaction as a core experiment in organic chemistry holds significant educational value, helping students grasp textbook concepts and familiarize themselves with essential laboratory techniques. This study presents the photocatalytic oxidation of β-naphthylmethanol, catalyzed by tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) with oxygen as the oxidant, resulting in the successful synthesis of β-naphthaldehyde. The experiment is straightforward, yields high product output, and proceeds under mild conditions, making it highly suitable for undergraduate laboratory courses.
  • 2025, 40 (2): 378-384. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405156