University Chemistry

Study and Reform of Chemical Education

Preliminary Study on the Knowledge Graph and AI Teaching Assistant in Blended Teaching of Inorganic Chemistry: Taking the “Precipitation Dissolution Equilibrium” as an Example
Ling Li, Guocheng Wang
In the context of advancing digital intelligence technologies, this study preliminarily explores reform strategies for “digital intelligence” in the blended teaching of inorganic chemistry, aiming to address existing challenges. A knowledge graph was constructed, and an AI teaching assistant was implemented, both of which were integrated into the blended curriculum to develop an AI-enhanced teaching model for inorganic chemistry. Using “precipitation dissolution equilibrium” as a case study, we demonstrate how the knowledge graph and AI teaching assistant facilitate intelligent guidance and accompaniment in students’ learning. Additionally, we highlight the role of educators in accurately assessing student learning conditions and optimizing teaching strategies. Results from post-class assessments and course evaluations indicate that this AI-enhanced approach significantly improves students’ motivation to learn.
2025, 40 (6): 1-8. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407063

Construction and Application of Informationized Teaching Resources for the Course “Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Analysis” Based on Knowledge Graphs
Weigang Zhu, Xiaofei Ma, Yun Tian, Huaji Liu, Fanli Lu, Yalu Ma
Recent advancements in digital and information technologies have significantly enhanced the quality of chemistry education in Chinese universities. The construction and utilization of online information resources have emerged as a key focus in the reform of classroom teaching. This article provides an overview of the development of the “Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Analysis” course at Tianjin University. It discusses the construction of multidimensional information-based teaching resources linked by knowledge graphs, explores innovations in teaching methodologies, evaluates the effectiveness of teaching applications, and outlines future reform plans.
2025, 40 (6): 9-15. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408113

Exploration of Teaching Reform in Graduate-Level Advanced Natural Medicinal Chemistry Course: A Guidance-Learning Mutual Promotion Model with Blended Classroom Teaching and Independent Learning
Peihong Fan, Hongxiang Lou
This paper begins by emphasizing the necessity of the graduate course “Advanced Natural Medicinal Chemistry” and discusses the design of course content and the development of faculty characteristics under the guidance-learning mutual promotion model. It introduces the implementation of the LBL (Lecture Based Learning) + TBL (Team-Based Learning) hybrid teaching approach, the application of formative assessment methods, and the deep integration of information technology to enhance teaching effectiveness. The paper explores how to foster graduate students’ independent learning abilities and scientific research skills to meet the evolving demands for talent development in the contemporary era.
2025, 40 (6): 16-21. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407078

Construction and Practice of Curriculum Ideological and Political Education in Physical Chemistry Experiment
Fuping Tian, Yue Dai, Feifei Huang, Yu Wang, Xinkui Wang, Xuzhen Wang, Wenfeng Jian
In traditional physical chemistry laboratory teaching, both educators and students tend to focus primarily on the enhancement of knowledge and skills, often neglecting the development of values. To address this issue, the teaching team adheres to the philosophy of “student-centered development, with a focus on cultivating abilities”. The curriculum aims to integrate knowledge, skills, and character through a “trinity” framework. A “three-stage progressive” approach to ideological and political education is implemented, alongside the establishment of a “six-theme” resource library for ideological content. Additionally, a “dual-combination” system is developed for evaluating the effectiveness of ideological and political education. This approach fosters a dynamic classroom environment where ideological education naturally permeates throughout the course, encouraging high levels of student participation, with the goal of achieving parallel growth in both students’ skills and value formation.
2025, 40 (6): 22-27. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408074

A Preliminary Exploration of DOK Teaching Practice in Physical Chemistry Course Based on Deep Learning: A Case Study on the Additional Pressure and Vapor Pressure of Curved Liquid Surfaces
Chang Guo, Haipeng Yang, Hui Fang, Yingguo Zhao, Yating Li
This study aims to enhance deep learning and improve the quality of physical chemistry education by applying the DOK (Depth of Knowledge) theory to categorize teaching content. Using the teaching of “additional pressure and vapor pressure of curved liquid surfaces” in surface chemistry as a case, we design diverse classroom activities and group tasks that promote higher-order thinking. To address the challenging Kelvin equation, we incorporate performance tasks that connect theoretical concepts to real-life applications, sparking student interest. Through a progressive, discussion-based approach in group work, students explore the impact of surface tension on chemical potential and extend the Kelvin equation from single-component systems to multi-component solutions and reactions, illustrating thermodynamic concepts and fostering meaningful understanding. A blended teaching approach was adopted, combining pre-class SPOC (Small Private Online Course) tasks, flipped classroom discussions via Rain Classroom, and post-class expansion through public accounts. Teaching practice, supported by surveys and student outputs, demonstrates that DOK-based deep learning not only enhances higher-order cognitive skills but also significantly improves students' learning initiative and practical innovation abilities.
2025, 40 (6): 28-36. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408049

Cultivating Applied Innovative Talents under the Concept of “Three Comprehensive Education”: Exploration and Practice of the “Combining Competition with Teaching” Model
Hui Wang, Yiwen Zhang, Dong Liu
In the context of educational reform in China, the “Combining Competition with Teaching” model, guided by the “Three Comprehensive Education” concept, is emerging as a crucial approach for cultivating applied innovative talents. This philosophy emphasizes the comprehensiveness of quality education, aimed at enhancing students’ overall abilities and practical skills. This study analyzes the positive impacts of this model on students, teachers, universities, and enterprises, while identifying challenges in its implementation, such as the elitist tendencies of educational resources, insufficient sustained motivation for student participation in competitions, fairness in team achievement distribution, and a lack of interdisciplinary teaching teams. To address these challenges, the paper proposes targeted optimization strategies, including fostering an inclusive learning environment, helping students balance academic and competition pressures, ensuring equitable returns for contributions, and building interdisciplinary teaching teams. These initiatives aim to further promote educational reform, deepen the integration of the “Combining Competition with Teaching” model in higher education, and meet the urgent societal need for innovative talent, thereby contributing to the country’s technological advancement and economic development. The discussion provides a clear direction and practical framework for the future development of this model.
2025, 40 (6): 37-42. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407091

English Teaching in Organic Chemistry for Chemical Biology Majors: A Nanjing University Experience
Zhen Shen, Yi Wang, Chen Lin, Kin Shing Chan
This paper shares our experiences in teaching Organic Chemistry to undergraduate students in the Chemical Biology program at Nanjing University, focusing on four key aspects: (1) Students submit their learning goals and reflections for each lecture using the shared functionality of Tencent Documents; (2) We employ physical organic chemistry principles, incorporating body language, movement, games, and choreography to enhance interactive learning and deepen students’ understanding of organic molecular structures, reactivity, and functions; (3) We include flash presentations in which students express an organic chemistry theme, contributing to their course grades; (4) Students are encouraged to write popular science papers in Chinese on topics related to daily life, current events, or cutting-edge chemistry, which are submitted to the University Chemistry magazine to develop their scientific writing skills.
2025, 40 (6): 43-47. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407083

Explorations in the Course Construction of Mathematical Techniques in Chemistry
Wen Shi, Jiuxing Jiang
Nowadays, the paradigm shift in chemical research, interdisciplinary integration, and the rapid advancement of digitalization, informatization, and intelligent technologies have made modern mathematical techniques essential tools for experimentation, computation, and information in the field of chemistry. Strengthening the mathematical foundation of students with a chemistry background is particularly relevant for cultivating top-notch and innovative talents in basic disciplines aligned with national strategic goals. The course “Mathematical Techniques in Chemistry”, introduced by the School of Chemistry at Sun Yat-Sen University in September 2022, targets second-year undergraduates in the Chemical Strong Foundation Program and the Chemical Excellence Program. Based on the knowledge structure characteristics of chemistry students, we developed the course content and explored various teaching methods. Students’ feedback indicates a strong interest in the course and a desire to master the relevant knowledge, while also highlighting the urgent need to improve basic mathematical skills. Furthermore, we propose plans for further optimization and improvement based on the challenges encountered since the course’s inception.
2025, 40 (6): 48-53. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408088

A Comparative Analysis on the Curriculum Provision of General Education between China and the USA
Yujuan Chen, Feiyan Yi
General education, translated from the English term “general education”, has various interpretations in Chinese, including “ordinary education” and “liberal education”. Recently, Chinese universities have embraced a “general education fever”, viewing it as a strategy to enhance educational quality, with the slogan “thick foundation, wide specialty” aimed at nurturing versatile “generalists”. However, a universally accepted definition of general education remains elusive. This paper analyzes the differences between general education in China and the USA, exploring how to implement it effectively within educational frameworks to enrich its content and significance.
2025, 40 (6): 54-63. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408046

All-English Teaching Reform of Analytical Chemistry in Undergraduate and Postgraduate Programs
Zhixin Zhou, Ran Chen, Yuanjian Zhang, Songqin Liu, Yanfei Shen
As international academic exchanges become increasingly frequent, there is a growing demand for professionals who possess a solid foundation in analytical chemistry and proficiency in English. This necessitates that universities cultivate students’ ability to adapt to an all-English environment and enhance their capacity to acquire professional knowledge and cutting-edge information. Faculty members in the Analytical Chemistry group at the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Southeast University have been actively exploring and implementing an all-English teaching model. This paper provides an in-depth discussion of these efforts, aiming to offer insights for promoting the internationalization of the analytical chemistry discipline.
2025, 40 (6): 64-70. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407093

Developing a First-Class General Chemistry Course for Non-Chemistry Majors: Integrating Resources and Enhancing Diverse Training
Dongyan Tang, Yanqiu Jiang, Su'e Hao, Yunchen Du, Lizhu Zhang, Zhigang Liu
This paper presents the development of a first-class General Chemistry course for non-chemistry majors at Harbin Institute of Technology. The course construction is based on the deep integration of ideological and scientific education, with a focus on practical innovation and diverse talent cultivation. A structured three-tier teaching system—comprising theoretical instruction, practical application, and innovation—is implemented to enhance learning outcomes. Additionally, the “three transformations” approach integrates teaching and research resources into classroom instruction, laboratory projects, and course materials. This study provides insights and references for the high-level operation and sustainable development of first-class university courses.
2025, 40 (6): 71-76. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406062

Innovation and Practice of General Chemistry Courses under the Background of Emerging Engineering Education
Haiyun Shen, Yutong Liu, Wenge Jiang, Qiuhua Yang
Under the background of emerging engineering education, the Department of Chemistry of Tianjin University has implemented innovations and reforms in the “General Chemistry” course to enhance the scientific literacy and innovation ability of students from non-chemistry and chemical engineering majors. The reform addresses issues such as disparities in students’ chemical knowledge, insufficient alignment between the course and engineering construction, and underutilization of the course’s educational potential. The course team has carried out systematic reforms across several areas, including course content, teaching methods, and assessment and evaluation. These reforms involve optimizing course material, developing teaching resources, and introducing innovative teaching models. Feedback from students indicates that the reform has significantly improved satisfaction and teaching effectiveness, effectively promoting the improvement of students’ abilities. In the future, the course team plans to further optimize the teaching content, explore new methods of assessment and evaluation, and develop digital education to better meet the demands of large-category enrollment and emerging engineering construction, thereby enhancing the supporting and educational functions of the General Chemistry course.
2025, 40 (6): 77-84. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405169

Reconstruction of the Teaching Content about the “Alkali Metal Elements” in Inorganic Chemistry
Ying Wang, Quanguo Zhai, Zhiqiang Wang, Qingjuan Lei, Shengli Gao
To achieve a well-balanced integration of knowledge, skills, and competencies in the teaching of alkali metal elements, it is necessary to restructure the teaching content to ensure depth, breadth, and rigor. Traditional teaching approaches often suffer from limited scope, outdated content, and insufficient reflection of recent advancements in the field. In response to these challenges, this study focuses on enhancing the completeness, scientific rigor, and applicability of fundamental knowledge, ensuring the progressiveness and coherence of content modules, integrating disciplinary advancements, and aligning professional training with ideological and political education. By adhering to student-centered principles and cognitive learning theories, the revised content aims to enhance the advanced, innovative, and challenging nature of the curriculum, ultimately achieving the organic integration of knowledge, skills, and competencies.
2025, 40 (6): 85-92. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407049

Curriculum Ideology and Engineering Practice of Undergraduate Course “Battery Materials” for Emerging Engineering Education
Weifang Liu, Jidong Yang, Xiaowan Zeng, Liqiu Mao, Dulin Yin, Xiangping Chen, Lishan Yang
Following the implementation of National Electric Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2021–2035), battery materials-related courses have been widely established in Chinese universities, accompanied by the dual requirements of emerging engineering education principles and ideological-political curriculum development. Using the Battery Materials course at Hunan Normal University’s Chemical Engineering (Energy Materials) program as a case study, this paper outlines the course’s training objectives, knowledge architecture, and ideological-political framework. It further examines strategies for addressing pedagogical challenges through interdisciplinary connections with related undergraduate courses and practical engineering education components, ultimately enhancing students’ professional identity and achieving comprehensive curriculum objectives.
2025, 40 (6): 93-100. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407036

Exploration of Integrating Ideological and Political Education into Inorganic Chemistry under the Background of Emerging Engineering Education
Maiyong Zhu, Shuping Wu
Emerging engineering construction marks a pivotal phase in engineering education reform, addressing the evolving needs of national strategic development. Within this framework, higher education must effectively integrate professional knowledge instruction with value-oriented guidance. The enhancement of ideological and political education in curricula serves as both an essential approach to collaborative education and a critical requirement for building “double first-class” universities with Chinese characteristics. As a fundamental course for numerous STEM disciplines, inorganic chemistry plays an indispensable role in cultivating students’ innovative thinking, research capabilities, and comprehensive competencies. Drawing upon teaching experience, this study proposes practical strategies for incorporating ideological and political elements into inorganic chemistry education, focusing on two key dimensions: establishing a correct dialectical materialist worldview and historical perspective, and fostering scientific exploration and research ethics.
2025, 40 (6): 101-110. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202409116

Case-based Teaching Exploration and Practice in Transition Metal-Mediated Organic Reactions
Yan Qi, Yueqin Yu, Weisi Guo, Yongjun Liu
Transition metal-mediated organic reactions constitute essential content in both fundamental and advanced undergraduate courses as well as graduate programs in chemistry and chemical engineering. This paper presents an exploratory discussion on case-based teaching methodologies for this subject, drawing from recent Organic Chemistry teaching practices. Focusing on transition metal-mediated organic reactions as a starting point, we systematically examine various aspects including teaching models, curricular content, educational orientation, and case database development. The teaching effectiveness is evaluated and illustrated with specific examples.
2025, 40 (6): 111-117. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202411021

Survey of Chemistry

Recent Advances in Asymmetric Free Radical Reactions via Visible Light-Organocatalytic Synergy
Dan Liu
In recent years, asymmetric free radical reactions catalyzed by organocatalysts have garnered significant attention in the field of organic synthesis. This strategy exhibits mild reaction conditions, and demonstrates excellent regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. Notably, the rapid development of visible light catalysihas provided a new avenue for enhancing these reactions. This review highlights recent progress in asymmetric free radical reactions that combine photocatalysis with organocatalysis: (1) visible light–chiral amine cooperative catalysis, (2) visible light–carbene cooperative catalysis, and (3) visible light–hydrogen bonding catalysis.
2025, 40 (6): 118-128. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408101

The Evolution and Current Status of Organophosphorus Pesticides
Junyuan Zhang, Zhiwei Miao
Organophosphorus pesticides are a critical class of agricultural chemicals that play a significant role in pest and disease control and in enhancing crop yields. However, their widespread use has also led to serious environmental concerns and potential health risks, prompting the ban and discontinuation of many products. Despite these challenges, organophosphorus pesticides continue to be favored for their high efficiency, low cost, and ease of production. A few types remain essential in agricultural practices, particularly in less-developed regions where their use still holds potential for growth. This article provides a comprehensive review of the development, current status, and future prospects of organophosphorus pesticides.
2025, 40 (6): 129-138. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408118

Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes in Fundamental Organic Chemistry
Zhenxing Liu, Jiaen Hu, Zishi Cheng, Xinqi Hao
This article explores several classic oxidation reactions of alkenes that are typically not thoroughly covered in foundational organic chemistry, such as epoxidation, osmium tetroxide oxidation, potassium permanganate oxidation, and ozonolysis. These reactions are categorized into three types based on their mechanisms: epoxidation, dihydroxylation, and oxidative cleavage. Each section includes the general reaction mechanism, typical examples, and extensions. This classification aids students in understanding the similarities and differences between various oxidation reactions, while the inclusion of typical examples enhances their comprehension of the practical applications of these reactions. Additionally, each category features an extension, including Sharpless epoxidation/dihydroxylation and the latest advancements in the environmentally friendly oxidative cleavage of double bonds. Through the summary and expansion of these reactions, this article aims to help students master these key reactions while fostering their research interests and encouraging them to engage with cutting-edge scientific challenges.
2025, 40 (6): 139-144. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408107

Research on Programmed Cell Death Induced by Metal Antitumor Drugs
Jiahao Zeng, Hui Chao
In biological systems, cell death represents a crucial biological process encompassing diverse modalities characterized by distinct triggers, molecular mechanisms, and phenotypic features. Elucidating the molecular pathways governing various cell death modalities enables targeted intervention and precise regulation of cellular demise, which holds paramount significance in cancer therapeutics. The discovery of cisplatin’s antiproliferative effects on cancer cells has catalyzed extensive investigation into metallic compounds for antitumor applications. The mechanisms through which metal-based antitumor agents induce cell death exhibit remarkable diversity and complexity. Systematic exploration of these death pathways facilitates the rational design of metallodrugs capable of triggering specific cell death modalities, thereby enabling tailored therapeutic strategies and optimized treatment outcomes. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in metal-based agents that induce apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, oncosis, and immunogenic cell death.
2025, 40 (6): 145-159. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406019

Science Education

Isolobal Analogy and Isovalent Relationships of 6-Electron Reagents in Electrophilic Alkene Cycloaddition Reactions
Zihao Guo, Shichen Ma, Kin Shing Chan
This paper introduces a teaching approach for electrophilic alkene cycloaddition reactions, highlighting the use of isolobal analogy and isovalent relationships of 6-electron species as guiding principles. This method aims to help students comprehend the formation of key intermediates and products, such as bridged bromonium ions, epoxides, and aziridines, in common electrophilic cycloaddition processes.
2025, 40 (6): 160-166. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408038

New Journey towards Carbon Neutrality
Zhonghan Xu, Yuejia Li, Kin Shing Chan
With the intensification of global climate change and the growing importance of sustainable development, carbon neutrality has become a significant topic of concern. This article focuses on the element of carbon, introducing its transformation and recycling processes in various forms. It discusses how carbon dioxide is fixed in nature and highlights new methods for achieving carbon neutrality, including starch synthesis and biomass conversion, aimed at building a greener, more sustainable society.
2025, 40 (6): 167-171. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407075

The Stranger on the Trail of the Criminal: Hydrogen Sulfide
Xingyu Liao, Xiangming Yi, Kin Shing Chan
As nanomedicine molecules, A and B enter the human body to neutralize a specific enzyme. During investigation, they encountered hydrogen sulfide whom they consider to be abnormal. Following the trail of hydrogen sulfide, they investigate its production sites, uncover the mechanisms behind its formation, and journey to its destination. Ultimately, they discover that hydrogen sulfide is not the toxic gas; rather, it serves as a kind of gas signaling molecule that can protect cardiac muscle.
2025, 40 (6): 172-176. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408039

Exploring Alkene Chemistry through the Lens of the Periodic Table and Acid-Base Theory: A Dialogue-Based Approach
Jiamin Li, Wenyue Zhong, Kin Shing Chan
This article presents a dialogue between Professor K and student Little C, focusing on discussions about several key reactions in alkene chemistry. By incorporating concepts from the periodic table and acid-base theory, the article provides a systematic and comprehensive explanation of alkene reactions. Starting from the fundamental properties of alkenes, it progresses to various typical reactions, including electrophilic addition, halogenation, and hydroboration. The discussion also reflects on designing reactions and the nature of catalysts. Under Professor K’s guidance, Little C gradually deepens his understanding of the mechanisms and principles underlying these reactions. Utilizing the periodic table and acid-base theory, he further enriches his comprehension of organic chemistry.
2025, 40 (6): 177-182. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408040

Chemistry Laboratory

Preparation and Stability of Eu(III)-Silicate Colloids: Design of a Research-based Comprehensive Experiment in Radiochemistry
Daming Zhang, Zhiwei Niu, Qiang Jin, Zongyuan Chen, Zhijun Guo
Based on scientific research findings, a comprehensive radiochemistry experiment has been designed to investigate the preparation and stability of Eu(III)-silicate colloids. The framework for this experiment includes the preparation of environmental colloids, followed by morphological and structural analyses. Additionally, it examines the effects of environmental factors, such as pH and ionic strength, on the stability of the colloids. The experiment also explores aggregation kinetics and incorporates theoretical calculations of the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) interaction energy. This study is thorough and demonstrates a strong connection to existing knowledge. The reagents used are readily available, the procedures are straightforward, and the success rate is high. The primary aim of the experiment is to train students in research methods associated with environmental colloids, as well as the principles and operations of various analytical instruments and data analysis. This experiment not only enhances students’ overall experimental skills but also fosters their interest in scientific research within the field of radiochemistry, thereby broadening their academic horizons.
2025, 40 (6): 183-192. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408058

Enhanced Experimental Method for Acetone Iodination Reaction Utilizing Smartphone Light Sensors
Hongmei Chai, Yixia Ren, Xiangyang Hou, Long Tang, Jiawei Xie
This study presents an improved approach to the acetone iodination reaction experiment by employing handheld technology. The reaction vessel was positioned directly above the light sensing port of a smartphone, enabling real-time monitoring of light intensity changes over time. This setup facilitates precise measurement of reaction time and automatic data collection, with results aligning with existing literature. Compared to traditional spectrophotometric methods, this novel approach is rapid, efficient, portable, and cost-effective. It allows each student to conduct experiments using an individual device, thereby enhancing student engagement and fostering essential competencies in the field of chemistry.
2025, 40 (6): 193-200. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407086

Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of a Coumarin-based Fluorescent Probe for Fluoride Ions: An Exploration of “Research Feedback Teaching” in Organic Chemistry Comprehensive Experiment
Benhua Wang, Chaoyi Yao, Yiming Li, Qing Liu, Minhuan Lan, Guipeng Yu, Yiming Luo, Xiangzhi Song
This study describes a research-oriented organic chemistry experiment that deeply integrates fundamental theories and experimental techniques of organic chemistry. Utilizing 4-(diethylamino)salicylaldehyde as the starting material, a coumarin-based fluorescent probe for fluoride ions was synthesized through nucleophilic substitution and Knoevenagel condensation reactions. The product was purified using column chromatography and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The probe’s performance in detecting fluoride ions was evaluated using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. This experiment not only deepens students’ comprehension of the fundamental principles of organic reactions and solidifies their basic experimental skills but also enhances their understanding of the application of organic fluorescent dyes in molecular detection. It effectively merges theoretical knowledge with practical application. The “research feedback teaching” model successfully integrates scientific innovation with educational practice, significantly motivating students to engage with theoretical concepts and participate in scientific research, thereby cultivating their scientific literacy and innovative capabilities. The outcomes of this experimental teaching approach have been outstanding.
2025, 40 (6): 201-209. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408070

Comprehensive Experiment on the Preparation of Polydopamine Films via High-Frequency Ultrasound
Peiyu Zhang, Aixin Song, Jingcheng Hao, Jiwei Cui
This study presents a research-oriented comprehensive chemistry experiment designed to help undergraduate students in chemistry and related disciplines understand the physical effects of high-frequency ultrasound and its application in the preparation of thin film materials. The experiment, titled “Comprehensive Experiment on the Preparation of Polydopamine Films via High-Frequency Ultrasound”, primarily involves the detection of dopamine polymerization using an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer at varying pH levels, as well as the characterization of resulting polydopamine films. Through this experiment, students will deepen their understanding of the physical effects associated with high-frequency ultrasound, gain insights into the mechanism of oxidative polymerization of dopamine, become proficient in the use of high-frequency ultrasound amplifiers, and reinforce their skills in commonly employed characterization techniques. By integrating theoretical knowledge with practical experimentation, this study aims to broaden students’ perspectives on chemical reaction enhancement methods while fostering their innovative capacities and scientific literacy.
2025, 40 (6): 210-214. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407081

Construction and Management of the Large-Scale Instrument Platform at the Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education
Ying Liu, Lingjie Sun, Fangxu Yang, Shanshan Cheng, Xiaotao Zhang
The key laboratories of the Ministry of Education are focused on addressing national strategic needs while simultaneously engaging in cutting-edge scientific research and talent cultivation. Large-scale instrument platforms serve as vital facilities for these laboratories to conduct scientific investigations and educational training. Key Laboratory of Organic Integrated Circuits, Ministry of Education has achieved notable successes in scientific research, talent development, and public service by enhancing the infrastructure, fostering management teams, and refining operational mechanisms for its instrument platform. This article also outlines future development directions, offering insights for the establishment and advancement of similar large-scale instrumentation platforms in other laboratories.
2025, 40 (6): 215-221. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407077

A Comprehensive Design Experiment in the Context of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality: Determination of Photodegradation Rate Constant of Methylene Blue Catalyzed by PbCrO₄
Yichang Liu, Li An, Dan Qu, Zaicheng Sun
Photocatalysis has emerged as a pivotal technology for achieving carbon neutrality and peaking carbon emissions, garnering significant attention in recent years. However, the current undergraduate curriculum lacks adequate theoretical and experimental components related to photocatalysis, resulting in limited student awareness of photochemistry and low-carbon strategies. This study presents a comprehensive experiment aimed at determining the rate constant for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using PbCrO₄ as the photocatalyst. The experiment integrates concepts from inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, and instrumental analysis, thereby enhancing students’ experimental skills and overall competencies. Furthermore, this project aims to instill the principles of “green chemistry” and the “dual-carbon goals” within the student body.
2025, 40 (6): 222-229. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407105

Synthesis, Chemiluminescence and Heavy Metal Ion Determinations of a Lophine Derivative
Jia-He Li, Yu-Ze Liu, Jia-Hui Ma, Qing-Xiao Tong, Jian-Ji Zhong, Jing-Xin Jian
Chemiluminescence plays a crucial role in biomedical analysis and environmental monitoring. In this study, an experiment is designed to synthesize a derivative of Lofenitine, verify its chemiluminescent properties, and explore its application in the detection of heavy metal ions. This experiment provides a comprehensive training opportunity for students in organic synthesis and separation techniques, as well as the kinetic and thermodynamic principles underlying chemiluminescence. Additionally, it enhances their proficiency in operating fluorescence spectrometers and encourages them to engage in exploratory experiments, such as heavy metal ion detection. The experiment encompasses fundamental concepts from organic, analytical, and environmental chemistry, making it both scientifically rigorous and engaging, thus significantly contributing to the cultivation of students’ innovative spirit.
2025, 40 (6): 230-237. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407080

Synthesis of 1-Phenylethane-1,2-diol by Photocatalytic C―H Functionalization
Yuanyuan Ping, Wangqing Kong
Direct functionalization of inert C―H bonds is one of the cutting-edge challenges in synthetic chemistry and is considered the “holy grail” of organic synthesis. In recent years, photohydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has developed into one of the important tools for activating inert C―H bonds. We use bulk chemical ethylene glycol and commercially available bromobenzene as starting materials and achieved an efficient synthesis 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol via photo-HAT/nickel dual catalysis. This comprehensive experiment covers a variety of techniques, including anhydrous and anaerobic procedures, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), flash column chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, and other experimental operations. The experiment conditions are mild, the raw materials are cheap and readily available, the operation is simple, and no complicated equipment is required. In addition, it can not only enable students to understand the cutting-edge progress of organic chemistry, stimulate students’ interest and enthusiasm in learning chemistry, and improve students’ enthusiasm and initiative, but also enable students to fully exercise their experimental skills, cultivate students’ scientific literacy and spirit of exploring the unknown, and holds significant practical and teaching value.
2025, 40 (6): 238-247. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408092

Design of a Research-based Comprehensive Experiment for the Development of Dechlorination Adsorbents Aligned with Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals
Jianan Zhang, Mengzhen Xu, Jiamin Liu, Yufei He
Under the guidance of the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”, aiming at the important problem of waste plastic recycling economy, using the characteristics of “memory effect” of layered double hydroxide (LDHs), we design a research-based comprehensive experiment on the preparation and performance test of dechlorinated adsorbents. The experimental process involves: firstly, synthesizing LDHs through a co-precipitation method and then roasting the LDHs to obtain composite metal oxides (LDO), finally introducing LDO as a dechlorination agent into a chlorinated environment simulated by n-dodecane, NaCl, and deionized water. The adsorption properties are measured at multiple stages, and the structural changes of the adsorbent are characterized. After the adsorption process, the adsorbent undergoes roasting, and its dechlorination performance is evaluated again. This cycle is repeated several times to assess the stability of the adsorbent. This experiment serves as a model for integrating scientific research into educational practice, providing novel approaches for the development of reusable dechlorination agents. Moreover, it enhances students’ environmental awareness, cultivates their scientific research literacy, and sparks their interest in research.
2025, 40 (6): 248-255. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408068

Experimental Teaching Design for the Preparation of Covalent Organic Framework Single Crystals in the Aqueous Phase
Yueshuai Xu, Wei Liu, Xudong Chen, Zhikun Zheng
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) are a novel class of crystalline porous polymers that exhibit great potential in fields such as electronics, optoelectronics, energy storage, catalysis, environmental applications, and separation processes. Their remarkable properties, including tunable chemical structures, adjustable porosity, low density, high specific surface area, excellent stability, and diverse functional characteristics, make them promising materials. To realize these applications, it is essential to establish clear correlations between COFs’ structures and properties, which requires the controlled synthesis of COF single crystals. This experiment integrates the authors’ recent scientific findings and introduces the cutting-edge field of COFs into undergraduate laboratory courses. The experimental content covers the controlled synthesis of COF single crystals, as well as their structural and property characterization. In addition to standard chemical techniques, students will also acquire hands-on experience with large-scale instruments.
2025, 40 (6): 256-265. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408045

The Vibrant Secrets: Mechanism of Coloration in Materials
Chi Zhang, Yi Xu, Xiaopeng Guo, Zian Jie, Ling Li
The color of materials is intrinsically linked to their chemical structures. By exploring the mechanism behind material coloration, we can enhance the public’s perception of chemistry. This article uses traditional Chinese plant dyeing as a focal point to design layered experimental activities, including the extraction of natural pigments, the simulation of the intangible cultural heritage process of Xiangyunsha dyeing, and the colorimetric identification of iron elements. These interactive experiments showcase the beauty, intrigue, and scientific foundation of chemistry, while simultaneously highlighting the allure of traditional culture, fostering the fusion and dissemination of science and heritage.
2025, 40 (6): 266-275. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407061

Preparation of Covalent Organic Framework Monolithic Material for Non-Targeted Food Safety Screening: A Recommended Comprehensive Instrumental Analysis Chemistry Experiment
Wei Li, Jinfan Xu, Yongjun Zhang, Ying Guan
This study recommends a practical, application-oriented comprehensive experiment in instrumental analysis for undergraduate students. Centered on non-targeted food safety screening, a covalent organic framework (COF)-based monolithic material (MF@COF composite) with melamine foam (MF) as the supporter was prepared and applied to sample pretreatment process of non-targeted analysis for food. The COF is in-situ grown and bonded onto the surface of the inexpensive and readily available MF, enabling effective purification of food matrices and complete recovery of chemical hazards while preventing secondary contamination. The experiment encompasses the synthesis and characterization of MF@COF, adsorption of phytochrome, recovery of chemical hazards, as well as post-experimental data processing and model analysis. Grounded in fundamental concepts such as Schiff base reaction, adsorption isotherm, and kinetics, the experiment strengthens students’ proficiency in UV-visible spectrophotometry, introduces the scientific research frontier of COF materials, and integrates real-world applications in food safety analysis. Combining fundamental knowledge with comprehensive and engaging experimental design, the experiment fosters students’ innovative thinking and practical skills while enhancing their interest and confidence in analytical chemistry.
2025, 40 (6): 276-285. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406013

Innovative Experiments on Amino Acid Derivation and Chiral Gas Chromatographic Separation
Runjie Li, Hang Liu, Xisheng Wang, Wanqun Zhang, Wanqun Hu, Kaiping Yang, Qiang Zhou, Si Liu, Pingping Zhu, Wei Shao
Amino acids serve as fundamental constituents of proteins, whose chiral enantiomers exhibit distinct pharmacological activities despite sharing analogous physical properties. This biological significance necessitates precise chiral separation methodologies in pharmaceutical and life science research. The present experiment employs ethyl chloroformate (ECF) as a derivatization reagent to develop an instructional module for graduate-level analytical chemistry education. Our pedagogical design incorporates amino acid derivatization techniques coupled with chiral gas chromatographic separation into the Comprehensive Instrumental Analysis Laboratory curriculum. Through systematic training encompassing sample pretreatment, qualitative identification, quantitative determination, and data interpretation, this experimental protocol enables students to master the complete gas chromatographic analytical workflow. The exercise emphasizes operational standardization while encouraging exploratory analyses, thereby enhancing graduate students’ experimental proficiency in advanced analytical methodologies.
2025, 40 (6): 286-295. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407059

Comprehensive Instrument Analysis of “Blind Box” Samples: Analysis of Unknown Substances
Zufeng Qiu, Jie Ouyang, Yiru Wang, Hengting Yang, Xin Liao, Chi Zhang, Xuanyao Jiang, Shunliu Deng, Zhiwei Lin
This study presents an advanced experimental module integrating multiple analytical instruments to characterize the structural features of unknown white powders. To clearly elucidate the feasibility and practicality of the experiment, 20 commonly available amino acids were selected as examples. Designed as an advanced experimental course or assessment tool following basic analytical experiment courses, this experiment aims to deepen students’ interest in instrumental analysis, enhance their problem-solving skills, and strengthen their scientific literacy.
2025, 40 (6): 296-302. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405167

Colorful Chemistry in University: Exploring the Beauty of Transition Elements
Yuheng Zhou
As a fundamental element of daily life, color embodies profound symbolic meanings and emotional resonance. Within chemical systems, chromatic manifestations arise from diverse substances including nanoparticles, organic dyes, and metal coordination complexes. While these materials may exhibit comparable hues, their underlying coloration mechanisms differ substantially in chemical principle. Through precision-controlled synthesis of three distinct inorganic pigments (cobalt blue, iron red, and cobalt yellow), this investigation systematically examines their optical characteristics using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and chromaticity analysis. The experimental protocol establishes an experiential framework that bridges theoretical concepts with practical applications, enabling undergraduate students to intuitively comprehend seemingly mundane chemical theories. This pedagogical approach demonstrates significant potential for enhancing student engagement and motivation in chemical education through tangible chromatic phenomena.
2025, 40 (6): 303-309. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407110

Between Teacher and Student

The Utilization of Chemical Energy from the Perspective of Physical Chemistry
Shiqi Zhang, Heng Zhang, Aiwen Lei
Chemical energy is expected to play a critical role in the energy structure both today and in the foreseeable future. Its utilization involves various aspects closely related to physical chemistry, such as chemical thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and kinetics. This paper analyzes the methods of converting chemical energy into electrical energy and explores the role of chemical energy in energy storage from the standpoint of physical chemistry. The analysis aims to enhance the understanding of physical chemistry and deepen students’ knowledge of its applications.
2025, 40 (6): 310-315. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408124

Curriculum Design of Free Radical Rearrangement Reactions in Organic Chemistry Teaching and the Integration of Ideological and Political Elements
Xinxin Wu
Rearrangement reactions are fundamental to the formation of complex molecular structures in organic chemistry. In contrast to traditional ionic rearrangements described in textbooks, research on free radical rearrangements has been gaining increasing attention in recent years. This area of study has become a focal point for organic chemists. Consequently, incorporating free radical rearrangement reactions into organic chemistry curricula is essential. This paper examines the migration of functional groups in free radical rearrangement reactions. Through a comparative analysis of reaction types, intermediate formation, reaction conditions, and product outcomes, the paper provides a detailed explanation of the mechanisms behind free radical functional group migration reactions and their applications in organic synthesis. During the teaching process, both instructors and students collaboratively elevate the complexity of fundamental organic chemistry concepts. This paper advocates for the inclusion of free radical rearrangements in textbooks and classroom teaching, integrating ideological and political elements to inspire students with the scientific innovation and patriotic spirit of China’s new generation of chemists.
2025, 40 (6): 316-325. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408055

Exploring the Teaching of Important Named Reactions Integrating Cutting-Edge Scientific Research
Zhiqiang Ma
“Synthetic Application of Important Named Reactions in Natural Molecules” is an optional course designed for senior undergraduate students. Through careful selection of course content and exploring innovative teaching methods in combination with the latest scientific advancements, we have successfully stimulated students’ enthusiasm for learning, broadened their knowledge, and enhanced their ability to analyze problems from multiple perspectives. These efforts align with the course’s objective of cultivating top-tier undergraduate students.
2025, 40 (6): 326-332. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202408059

An Integrated Four-Flavored Approach to Ideological and Political Education in Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Courses
Zhexue Lu, Ping Wu, Huihui Li, Libai Wen
Effectively identifying and integrating ideological and political education resources within university courses in a seamless and meaningful manner is an important issue in modern higher education. This article explores ancient poetry, real-life examples, cutting-edge scientific research, and the socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics related to inorganic and analytical chemistry courses, and further examines their connection with the cultivation of professional spirit and social personality of college students. This approach establishes an ideological and political education framework for the inorganic analytical chemistry course which embodies four flavors: poetic flavor, life flavor, scientific research flavor, and new era flavor.
2025, 40 (6): 333-340. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202405196

Cross-Integration Application of Biochemistry in the Cultivation of High-Level Innovative Pharmaceutical Talents: A Case Study on the Activity Evaluation of Demethylase LSD1 Inhibitors
Yihui Song, Shangshang Qin, Kai Wu, Chengyun Jin, Bin Yu
Pharmacy is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses biology, chemistry, and medicine. Serving as a fundamental bridge connecting biology and chemistry, biochemistry is a core course in pharmaceutical education and plays a crucial role in cultivating high-level innovative pharmaceutical talents. However, it is traditionally taught in independent chapters with extensive and fragmented theoretical content, making it challenging for students to comprehend and apply flexibly. Effectively integrating fundamental biochemistry theory with pharmaceutical practice to cultivate innovative and practically skilled pharmaceutical professionals is a key topic in the ongoing reform of pharmaceutical education. This study uses activity evaluation of demethylase LSD1 inhibitors as an example and adopts a hybrid teaching model that combines traditional theoretical instruction with case-based teaching. By systematically linking biochemical concepts with the drug development process, this approach enhances students’ engagement, fosters scientific research and innovation, and improves their ability to analyze and solve practical problems in drug discovery. This study explores the application of a closed-loop case-based teaching model in integrating biochemistry and pharmaceutical education, aiming to enhance students’ analytical thinking and problem-solving ability. The findings provide valuable insights for the development of high-level innovative pharmaceutical talent.
2025, 40 (6): 341-352. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202406018

Addressing Pedagogical Challenges in Instrument Analysis Experiment Course through Numerical Graph Analysis
Liqiang Huang, Peng Lin
In the teaching of instrument analysis experiment courses, some methods and principles of several instruments are quite complex and difficult to understand, making it difficult for many students to comprehend and understand them in a short period of time, resulting in poor teaching effectiveness. This article introduces some experiences and methods in the teaching process of instrument analysis experiment course. Combining numerical values with graph can make it more intuitive and quantitative in explaining abstract content, and enable students to grasp the principles of instruments quickly. Teaching practice has proven that this method can adapt to characteristics of instrument analysis experimental courses, improve teaching efficiency, and achieve good teaching results.
2025, 40 (6): 353-359. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407074

Self Studies

Synthesis of Diphenyl Thioether Compounds and Their Applications
Nan Xiao, Fang Sun
Thioether compounds are significant sulfur-containing compounds with widespread applications in natural products, pharmaceuticals, functional materials. Due to the limitation of class length, thioether compounds has relatively little space in classroom instruction. Therefore, this paper focuses on diphenyl thioether compounds as one type of thioether compound. It introduces synthetic routes and applications of several diphenyl thioether compounds to supplement classroom teaching, broaden students’ knowledge, and enhance their interest in learning.
2025, 40 (6): 360-363. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407099

One-Step Determination of Kinetic Parameters via Numerical Integration Coupling Nonlinear Least-Square Method
Jiageng Li, Putrama
We developed a methodology that constructs an optimization function through numerical integration of reaction rate equations, employing nonlinear least-square fitting to reconcile computational predictions with experimental kinetic data. This integrated approach enables simultaneous determination of kinetic parameters with enhanced accuracy and efficiency. Implementation procedures are systematically demonstrated through case studies of both simple and complex reaction systems. The proposed method serves as an effective instructional tool for kinetic theory education and experimental data processing, while cultivating students’ competencies in applying mathematical modeling to solve chemical kinetic challenges.
2025, 40 (6): 364-370. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202407098