University Chemistry

Study and Reform of Chemical Education

Exploration and practice of ideological and political education reform of the bilingual course “fuel cell technology” in the context of new engineering
Min Wang, Yu Ding, Bin Dong, Haiqiu Fang, Yawei Li, Zhongtao Li
“Fuel cell technology” is the first bilingual core course introduced by the Department of Energy Storage Science and Engineering at China University of Petroleum (East China). Targeting students in energy storage, renewable energy, and materials-related programs, the course responds to China's “dual-carbon” strategy and national hydrogen development plan. A four-chain reform framework—objectives, content, evaluation, and culture—was designed to integrate ideological and political education with professional instruction. First, course objectives were restructured to embed values such as green development, engineering responsibility, and research integrity into each chapter. Second, a multidimensional case library was established, combining international practices (e.g., NASA fuel cell systems, Toyota Mirai) with domestic achievements (e.g., Shenzhou spacecraft fuel cells, Winter Olympics hydrogen buses, and breakthroughs in Pt-based ORR catalysts), enabling cross-cultural comparison and value guidance. Third, a formative-summative assessment system was implemented through English literature reviews, localization roadmap projects, and reflective journals, providing measurable evidence of students' growth in cognition, communication, and responsibility. Finally, the course was linked with project practice and innovation competitions, fostering a seamless “classroom-project-competition-application” training pathway. After two years of implementation, the course achieved significant outcomes: teaching evaluation scores exceeded 98/100, students' ideological recognition improved by over 30 points, 87% reported enhanced English communication skills, and more than 80% expressed career interest in hydrogen-related fields. The course has thus developed a transferable bilingual model that integrates knowledge, competence, and values, offering practical guidance for cultivating interdisciplinary talents under the new engineering education framework.
2026, 41 (9): 1-10. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508038

Mechanism-first and performance-based assessment: teaching reform and practice in the graduate advanced organic synthesis course
Yongqiang Zhang
To address inconsistent textbooks, the disconnect between mechanisms and transformations, and limited scientific-English proficiency in graduate Advanced Organic Synthesis, the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Shandong University implemented an innovative teaching framework combining “mechanism-first pedagogy, performance-based assessment, and bilingual instruction”. The first semester half establishes a unified mechanistic framework through “molecular orbital theory and energy analysis”, while the second half applies this framework to synthetic transformations. The core evaluation system, focusing on “thematic presentations” and “critical questioning”, demonstrates a positive correlation between these assessment components, confirming the pedagogical effectiveness of this approach.
2026, 41 (9): 11-17. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509034

Research and practice on an innovative teaching method integrating “knowledge graph + research-education integration” for the physical chemistry course in energy storage science and engineering
Changyuan Bao, Yuxin Liu, Guodong Xu, Bing Huang, Bo Wang
With the implementation of China's “dual carbon” strategy, energy storage technology has emerged as a pivotal enabler for energy transition. As a fundamental course in energy storage science and engineering, physical chemistry education faces the dual challenges of interdisciplinary integration and industry demands. This study focuses on the energy storage science and engineering major of Yancheng Teachers University as a pilot case. Aligning with Yancheng City's green low-carbon industrial development and the university's applied, regionally-oriented, and open educational philosophy, we propose a dual-driven “knowledge graph + research-education integration” model. The methodology involves: (1) developing a physical chemistry knowledge graph to systematically organize interdisciplinary knowledge points and optimize teaching content; (2) implementing research-education integration by incorporating cutting-edge scientific findings into teaching, thereby fostering students' innovative thinking, research capabilities, and problem-solving skills. Practical results demonstrate that this approach significantly enhances the course's systematic structure and practical relevance, effectively bridges disciplinary knowledge with industrial requirements, and establishes a replicable paradigm for cultivating innovative talents in the energy storage field.
2026, 41 (9): 18-25. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508050

Exploration of a “polymer physics” research course: design and preparation of a tensegrity structure with active liquid crystal elastomer cables
Zhijian Wang, Shiteng Zhao, Changyue Liu, Juan Guan, Yongji Gong, Jiping Yang
In response to the demands of the new technological revolution and industrial transformation for advanced talent, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA) developed a distinctive “Lab Class” education model. This model deepens the integration of science and education by leveraging high-level research platforms. This paper presents the “Research Course” approach using the micro-project “Design and Fabrication of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Tensegrity Structures” as a case study. Through systematic teaching design and scientific evaluation, this project effectively integrates and extends core concepts from the “Polymer Physics” theoretical course. The model establishes a new pedagogy characterized by mutual reinforcement between the theoretical course and research course, successfully transforming cutting-edge research into experimental teaching practice. The combined theory and research approach significantly motivates students to solidify their theoretical foundation and enhances their ability to analyze and solve practical engineering problems. This provides a valuable, replicable model for developing new engineering experimental courses aimed at cultivating high-quality, interdisciplinary materials professionals for the national aerospace sector.
2026, 41 (9): 26-35. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509028

Integration and symbiosis: digital intelligence-driven multi-dimensional teaching innovation and practice of “virtual internship in chemical production”
Jing Du, Shuang Jiang, Yingping Quan, Xiaoning Jin, Wentao Zhao
This paper systematically presents an innovative engineering education curriculum based on the collaborative education concept of “industry-academia-research-application”. Addressing key challenges in traditional chemical engineering practical education-including limited training bases, constrained practical resources, and uni-dimensional evaluation systems-the study innovatively proposes a “four-dimensional integration” pedagogical framework. This framework establishes a novel teaching paradigm for cultivating complex engineering problem-solving capabilities through deep industry-academia collaboration, organic integration of virtual-real scenarios, systematic embedding of ideological elements, and interdisciplinary innovation. The curriculum reform centers on three-dimensional reconstruction: First, reconstructing the instructional objective system by establishing a dynamic case database that synthesizes authentic industrial cases, AI technology applications, and Nobel Prize-level scientific achievements as multidisciplinary teaching elements. Second, innovatively developing a “trinity” teaching platform that forms a three-dimensional cultivation system encompassing theoretical cognition, virtual simulation, and innovative practice. Third, implementing a “nine-dimensional immersive” teaching model through progressive pedagogical phases-“observation, listening, learning, perception, practice, reflection, research, creation, and application”-to achieve organic unification between knowledge internalization and capability advancement. The study innovatively adopts a six-step iterative methodology combined with a data-driven dynamic evaluation model to effectively address the disconnection between theoretical instruction and practical application in engineering education. Regarding assessment mechanisms, the research establishes a big data-based multidimensional dynamic evaluation system that generates comprehensive digital competence profiles for students, enabling precise empowerment of personalized development pathways. Teaching practice has demonstrated that this model significantly enhances students' engineering practical capabilities and innovative literacy, cultivating emerging engineering talents equipped with interdisciplinary vision, digital thinking, and industrial sensitivity. The research outcomes provide a replicable theoretical framework and implementation path for practical course reforms in the context of emerging engineering education, offering significant reference value for innovation in industry-education integrated talent cultivation models.
2026, 41 (9): 36-46. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508053

Exploration and practice on cultivating professional master's students in materials and chemical engineering at regional application-oriented universities: a case study of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
Yao Liu, Chaozhong Guo, Yuxin Zhang, Wenli Liao, Zhongtao Jiang, Liumei Teng
The integration of industry and education plays a pivotal role on the cultivation of professional master's students in Materials and Chemical Engineering, effectively bridging the education and talent development chains with industrial and innovation chains. Addressing the challenges faced by regional application-oriented universities in training professional master's students, this study systematically examines the initiatives undertaken by Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences. Through measures such as curriculum optimization, faculty enhancement, practical platform development, and collaborative innovation, the university has established a high-quality, application-oriented talent cultivation model closely aligned with regional industrial demands. This approach provides a replicable framework for cultivating advanced applied talents in strategic emerging industries, including new materials and new energy, offering valuable insights for advancing the reform of professional degree education in Materials and Chemical Engineering.
2026, 41 (9): 47-53. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509013

“Trinity” case integration of chemical reaction engineering knowledge points: advancing teaching reform with research and application objectives
Ming Xia, Jihai Tang, Kaiyun Fu, Qing Liu, Xian Chen, Hui Shi, Mifen Cui, Xu Qiao
In response to the learning characteristics of undergraduate chemical engineering students, the teaching team has systematically incorporated engineering cases, core equipment, and research methodologies into the instructional process. By establishing organic connections and synthesizing key knowledge points to address practical chemical engineering challenges, this approach aims to cultivate students' ability to comprehensively apply acquired knowledge in solving real-world problems. The methodology fosters an integrated teaching philosophy that harmoniously combines engineering cases, core equipment, and research methods into a “trinity” framework. Teaching practice has demonstrated the effectiveness of this “trinity” approach, significantly enhancing students' capacity to apply theoretical knowledge to practical engineering problem-solving.
2026, 41 (9): 54-61. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508065

AI-enabled curriculum construction for physical chemistry: innovation and practice of the tripartite interactive teaching model
Rongjiao Zhu, Xia Feng, Yan Sun, Junji Liu, Li Chen, Rongjin Li, Yuxin Wang, Yajing Sun, Fangxu Yang
The rapid advancement of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has positioned educational intelligence as a pivotal focus in global higher education reform. This study presents Tianjin University's Physical Chemistry course as a case study, demonstrating the implementation pathway for AI-enhanced curriculum development. The research highlights the establishment and application of a blended teaching model featuring tripartite interaction among teachers, students, and AI systems, combining online and offline components. Through the development of a four-tier knowledge graph and the deployment of intelligent tools including AI teaching assistants, the model achieves precise alignment and personalized distribution of educational resources. The integrated approach of tripartite interactive blended instruction and multidimensional intelligent assessment has significantly enhanced instructional preparation efficiency, student learning outcomes, and AI literacy. Empirical results indicate that this model effectively overcomes the limitations of the “one-size-fits-all” approach in conventional pedagogy, offering a replicable paradigm for intelligent transformation of related academic courses in higher education.
2026, 41 (9): 62-69. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508068

Integration of ideological and political education into graduate research education in chemistry: pathways to “integration and dual excellence”
Sibei Mai, Guo-Bin Xiao, Xijiao Mu, Jing Cao
Chemistry is a fundamental and strategic discipline that supports key national goals in energy development, environmental protection, and new material design. In the new era, the demand for green development and scientific self-reliance has placed new expectations on graduate education. Within this framework, ideological and political education (IPE) has demonstrated unique value in cultivating chemistry graduate students. A critical challenge in China's graduate education system lies in the disproportionate emphasis on technical research skills at the expense of value-oriented guidance, resulting in a dichotomy between ideological and political education and scientific practice. Addressing this challenge is especially crucial in the field of chemistry, a discipline that provides vital support to national strategies. Using the “Integration and Dual Excellence” model from the College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Lanzhou University, this research investigates pathways for deeply integrating ideological and political education into graduate research training. The findings reveal that by incorporating value guidance throughout the entire research process—from topic selection and knowledge acquisition to the translation of findings and industry-academia collaboration—effectively strengthens students' national identity and social responsibility. This approach fosters the synergistic development of research innovation and talent cultivation, transforming the research process into a unified platform for both academic training and value shaping. Looking ahead, deepening this model will provide sustained momentum for cultivating high-level talent who possess both innovative capabilities and a strong social responsibility, thereby supporting China's green, low-carbon transition and its goal of achieving scientific and technological self-reliance.
2026, 41 (9): 70-81. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509027

Reform and exploration of the assessment model for the “instrumental analysis” course in the AI era: focusing on video creation and mutual evaluation mechanism
Deming Kong
In response to the widespread adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology, which has significantly undermined the discriminative power and integrity of traditional course paper assessments, this study proposes an innovative assessment reform for the “Instrumental Analysis” course. Given its abstract theoretical content, dense knowledge points, and strong practical relevance, the reform replaces conventional essays with a “short video creation + dual evaluation feedback” approach. Piloted with the 2023 “Strong Foundation Program” class at Nankai University, this model effectively mitigates assessment distortion risks in the AI era while enhancing teaching outcomes through “promoting learning via creation and improving quality through evaluation”. Additionally, it offers a replicable and scalable framework for assessment reform in science and engineering courses.
2026, 41 (9): 82-89. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508106

Exploration and practice on improving engineering literacy of students majoring in chemistry through “chemical technology” course
Yanjun Zhong, Tao Luo, Dehua Xu, Lei Song, Xiushan Yang, Jianjun Chen, Xinlong Wang
In the context of the new era, enhancing the engineering literacy of chemistry majors holds significant importance. As a pivotal course for this purpose, chemical technology faces challenges due to differing training orientations and curriculum systems between chemistry and chemical engineering disciplines, resulting in poor adaptability among chemistry students. This study systematically investigates teaching reforms for chemistry majors, focusing on curriculum content, instructional methodologies, and assessment models. The implemented reforms have demonstrated notable outcomes, offering valuable insights for cultivating engineering literacy and advancing related course innovations.
2026, 41 (9): 90-100. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509007

Exploration of teaching-research integration in coordination compound instruction
Zhenzhen Xue, Lixing Zhao, Jie Pan, Jixiang Hu
The structure of coordination compounds is a key topic in inorganic and structural chemistry courses. This study explores the application of teaching-research integration in this module to enhance collaborative education. Incorporating recent scientific research achievements into teaching materials broadens students' knowledge and fosters their innovative thinking. Simultaneously, teaching provides theoretical foundations and talent pipelines for research. Through this bidirectional synergy, pedagogical innovation and the cultivation of innovative talents can be further advanced.
2026, 41 (9): 101-106. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509020

Construction and exploration of a four-in-one organic chemistry textbook system incorporating “cutting-edge nature, teacher-training character, ideological and political nature, and applicability”
Haibo Xiao
Taking the revision of Organic Chemistry textbook as an opportunity, this paper analyzes the prevalent issues in current textbooks: outdated content updates; indistinct teacher-training characteristics; limited integration of ideological and political education elements; and poor applicability, with a low degree of alignment with the actual teaching situations of local colleges and universities as well as students' needs. Based on this, we propose the construction of a four-in-one organic chemistry textbook system integrating “cutting-edge nature, teacher-training character, ideological and political nature, and applicability”. By incorporating cutting-edge scientific research achievements, highlighting teacher-education characteristics, infiltrating ideological and political elements, and comprehensively enhancing the textbook's applicability in terms of content organization and difficulty control, among other aspects, we aim to achieve innovation and upgrading of the textbook system, lay a solid foundation for cultivating high-quality chemistry teaching talents in local colleges and universities, and provide practical reference examples for textbook development at similar institutions.
2026, 41 (9): 107-115. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509026

Exploration on the construction of a high-quality “principles of general chemistry” course based on the “four integrations, three perspectives, and four dimensions” framework
Lili Wen, Fangfang Pan, Fahui Song, Shenglong Chen, Dan Zhang, Yan Zeng
To enhance core courses in fundamental disciplines and tackle their associated challenges, this study addresses key issues in talent cultivation through targeted interventions. By integrating information technologies (e.g., Xiaoya platgorm, quantum computing software, and MOOCs), virtual simulations, and practical tools, we implement teaching innovations centered on four key integrations: (1) curriculum-based ideological and political education, (2) scientific frontiers with experimental practice, (3) comparative (Compare & Contrast) pedagogy, and (4) problem-driven instruction. These approaches aim to establish a high-quality “Principles of General Chemistry” curriculum system characterized by warmth, depth, and breadth. As the inaugural professional compulsory course for chemistry majors, this curriculum serves as a foundational knowledge platform. Adopting a student-centered approach, it facilitates freshmen's transition from secondary to tertiary education while strengthening their chemical analytical skills, fostering scientific thinking, improving scientific literacy, and cultivating proper worldviews and values. The ultimate objective is to elevate chemistry education quality across four dimensions: professional foundation, scientific thinking, innovation awareness, and societal responsibility (termed the “four integrations, three perspectives, four dimensions” framework).
2026, 41 (9): 116-125. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509069

Advancing textbook development for non-chemistry majors through timeliness and interdisciplinary integration: a case study of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
Bing Li, Jianlin Ren, Yan Guo
This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the content and utilization status of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry textbooks designed for non-chemistry majors, systematically identifying deficiencies in subject relevance and content timeliness. In alignment with contemporary higher education reform objectives, we propose a novel textbook development framework guided by the principles of “maintaining contemporaneity and fostering interdisciplinary integration”. First, adhering to the Ministry of Education's directive that “curriculum reform must be rooted in textbook reform”, we developed a structured content selection framework to facilitate interdisciplinary knowledge integration. Second, through the practical experience of compiling the Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry textbook, we implemented an innovative “professional-ability-quality” tri-dimensional writing paradigm, effectively incorporating ideological and political education elements along with traditional Chinese cultural content into the disciplinary knowledge system. The textbook development plan established in this study features a dynamically updated interdisciplinary knowledge module, constructs a student-centered ability cultivation system, develops teaching cases integrating socialist core values, and enhances the educational function of textbooks. The final textbook serves dual purposes as both a teaching reference and a quality cultivation guide, offering a reference model for chemistry textbook development for non-chemistry majors.
2026, 41 (9): 126-134. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509071

Exploration and practice of university physical chemistry curriculum reform in the context of “AI+ education”
Weilei Zhou, He Han, Yong Chen, Xiufang Xu
As a fundamental pillar in university chemistry curricula, physical chemistry education requires transformation amidst the prevailing trend of artificial intelligence integration in education. The conventional teacher-centered lecture model has become inadequate to meet China's digital education development objectives. This necessitates a paradigm shift toward student-centered learning approaches that combine AI (artificial intelligence) technologies with instructor guidance. Through concrete examples of AI implementation in physical chemistry education, this study investigates curriculum reform across four critical dimensions: learning methodology evolution, instructional content optimization, innovative thinking cultivation, and practical skill development. The research aims to propose novel pedagogical strategies for physical chemistry education, ultimately enhancing teaching efficacy and quality while preparing students to become competent scientific professionals in the AI-driven era.
2026, 41 (9): 135-147. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509062

Exploration of a maker mindset-oriented deep industry-education integration model for cultivating innovative chemical engineering talents: a case study of the “organic chemical technology” course
Zhe Wen, Honglai Xue
In the cultivation of chemical engineering students, traditional industry-education integration models primarily focus on solving technical challenges while neglecting the cultivation of innovative thinking. This study presents a reformed deep industry-education integration model for cultivating innovative chemical engineering talents guided by maker mindset principles, taking the “organic chemical technology” course as an example. The paper elaborates on this maker-oriented pedagogical reform through detailed discussions of instructional design, operational mechanisms, and implementation methodologies. The core of this model involves curriculum updates aligned with societal needs, deepened content reform, and emphasis on the theory-to-practice exploration process. It establishes a collaborative “university-led, enterprise-coordinated, teacher-student co-created” teaching framework that integrates innovation elements and superior resources from both academia and industry. The approach employs blended online-offline learning, virtual-real combinations, and interdisciplinary methods to continuously improve the theoretical instruction and practical application. Through entrepreneurial platforms, students engage in creative, design, and promotional activities. By combining short-term evaluations with long-term development strategies, this model promotes substantive deep industry-education integration, facilitates the transformation from education to industry, and innovates the cultivation approach for chemical engineering talents.
2026, 41 (9): 148-155. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509047

Exploration of organic chemistry experiment teaching based on sequential experiment project content design
Linbo Gong, Ying Xiong, Faqiong Zhao, Shuling Gong, Yue Qi
Addressing the national need for cultivating talents in science and engineering, the Chemistry Experiment Teaching Demonstration Center at Wuhan University has implemented sequential experimental projects to overcome limitations in traditional organic chemistry teaching, such as fragmented operational training and inadequate development of scientific thinking. Within the “basic-comprehensive-innovative” three-stage progressive curriculum framework, this approach aims to enhance students' experimental thinking and innovation capabilities in organic chemistry. The implementation relies on modular design and open laboratory mechanisms, featuring multi-step synthetic sequence experiments and comparative separation method modules that incorporate green chemistry principles to foster scientific problem-solving skills. By integrating cutting-edge research achievements into teaching, a comprehensive research practice chain has been established. Results demonstrates that this approach not only deepens the integrated application of fundamental techniques but also bridges the gap between skill training and research practice, significantly improving students' abilities in comprehensive analysis and problem-solving. This provides an operational model for systematic innovation in experimental teaching within the context of emerging engineering education.
2026, 41 (9): 156-161. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509085

Survey of Chemistry

Advances in the synthetic strategies of bicyclo[1.1.0]butane
Baitong Wei, Rongxiu Zhu, Zhenghu Xu
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB), one of the smallest bridged-ring compounds, possesses remarkable ring strain and distinctive reactivity. As a valuable organic scaffold for constructing functionalized small molecules, BCB has garnered significant attention in both medicinal and synthetic chemistry. This review systematically summarizes the principal synthetic approaches to BCBs, classifying them into three categories: substitution reactions, insertion reactions, and rearrangement reactions. The discussion encompasses representative methodologies from classical procedures to cutting-edge developments. These synthetic strategies demonstrate diverse construction pathways and innovative design concepts, which can stimulate students' interest and enhance their structural thinking. Serving as a bridge between textbook knowledge and frontier research, this work provides valuable reference materials for organic synthesis education and research training and presents selected case studies to facilitate the overcoming of teaching challenges and the cultivation of critical thinking skills in classroom settings.
2026, 41 (9): 162-172. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508027

Recent advances in the biomedical applications of nanozymes
Jian Li, Yu Wu, Wenling Gu, Chengzhou Zhu
Nanozymes have garnered significant attention in biomedical research due to their superior stability, cost-effectiveness, and tunable catalytic properties. This review systematically classifies prevalent nanozyme types and elucidates their catalytic mechanisms. It further discusses strategies for performance optimization, with particular emphasis on cutting-edge applications in biosensing, therapeutic interventions, and antimicrobial applications. The review concludes with perspectives on future developments to advance nanozyme applications in biomedicine.
2026, 41 (9): 173-181. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509068

Special chemical species of neon: research progress and bonding mechanism
Jianlin Ren, Bing Li, Yan Guo, Xiangyu Liu
Neon, characterized by its closed-shell 2s²2p⁶ valence electron configuration, is a light noble gas and exhibits pronounced chemical inertness under standard conditions. With the advances in modern chemical methodologies, sophisticated techniques for interrogating potential energy surfaces and in situ experiments under extreme conditions have begun to reveal its latent reactivity. Cryogenic matrix isolation, high-pressure diamond anvil cell experiments and synchrotron radiation-based spectroscopy have uncovered weak interactions between neon and various hosts, achieving the characterization of non-classical compounds. A survey of the literature allows these findings to be classified into three primary categories: inclusion complexes (containing embedded fullerene compounds), ionic compounds with alkali or alkaline earth metals stabilized by high pressure, and van der Waals complexes (including charge-transfer species with carbon tetrachloride) formed with silicon-containing radicals in cryogenic matrices. The bonding mechanisms are highly similar to those of helium compounds that have been reported.
2026, 41 (9): 182-201. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508055

Science Education

Self-description of hydrogen nuclei: fundamental principles and medical applications of magnetic resonance imaging
Bao Yu, Xinyi Zhao, Huan Zhang, Yiwen Li, Mingli Peng, Yongchen Gou, Guang Jia, Haiming Fan
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern medicine, particularly for malignant tumors, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Its clinical advantages include the absence of ionizing radiation, unlimited penetration depth, superior soft tissue resolution, and multi-parametric, multi-sequence imaging capabilities. From clinical diagnosis to scientific research, MRI plays a pivotal role in early disease detection, treatment monitoring, and prognosis evaluation. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence and superconducting technologies have further driven innovations in rapid high-resolution imaging, AI-assisted diagnostic interpretation, ultra-low-field and ultra-high-field MRI systems, and portable devices, heralding even broader applications for this technology. Told from the unique perspective of a hydrogen nucleus, this article walks the reader through the fundamentals of MRI, demystifying how this technology is used in medical diagnostics.
2026, 41 (9): 202-209. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507027

The water fairy's descent: decoding the phase diagram of water
Zhen Zhang, Xiaoli Ma, Yudi Niu, Kefen Yue
Water exists in three fundamental states—solid, liquid, and gas—playing vital roles in human production and daily life. This article elucidates the scientific principles underlying water's phase transformations through a unique narrative approach. Adopting a physical chemistry perspective, we present the journey of “the water fairy” as she observes and interprets water's various states. By correlating her experiences with the water phase diagram, the fairy gradually demystifies this important thermodynamic tool. This exposition aims to enhance readers' understanding of phase diagrams and demonstrate their practical applications in guiding industrial processes and everyday life.
2026, 41 (9): 210-216. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507024

The versatile performer in photocatalysis: multifunctional applications of bismuth oxyhalides
Junzhe Liu, Kaihui Lv, Haohao Fu, Ting Man, Yu Wu, Aijuan Han, Junfeng Liu
This paper presents a comprehensive overview of bismuth oxyhalide (BiOX, X = Cl/Br/I) materials and their multifunctional photocatalytic properties. The discussion focuses on three distinctive structural characteristics derived from their unique layered crystal architecture: the intrinsic electric field, tunable anionic layers, and morphological diversity. The review systematically examines the exceptional performance of BiOX materials in environmental remediation, clean energy production, and organic synthesis. Additionally, it explores their potential applications in emerging interdisciplinary fields such as self-cleaning coatings, flexible electronics, and biomedical diagnostics and therapy. The concluding section highlights the promising prospects of this material family as a “multi-talented” photocatalyst for future technological advancements.
2026, 41 (9): 217-221. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509010

The metamorphosis of crab shell family
Ziyi Xue, Xuemeng Li, Minru Liu, Qing Yang, Gang Xie
Crab shells play a pivotal role in environmental and resource utilization, with their transformation process embodying unique scientific significance. This study employs anthropomorphic narrative techniques to chronicle the metamorphic journey of the “crab shell family” (chitin, chitosan, and calcium carbonate) from marine waste to high-value materials. The work systematically demonstrates their multifaceted applications across energy storage, environmental remediation, and biomedical fields, offering an engaging perspective on the scientific principles and sustainable value of waste valorization.
2026, 41 (9): 222-228. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507010

Electrochemical behavior of dental metallic restorations in the oral cavity
Nianxia Dong, Mengmei Huang, Yilin Wang, Yarong Zheng, Jianbo He, Xianghua Kong
Dental restoration is an essential part of oral healthcare, where metallic restorative materials have been extensively employed owing to their superior mechanical properties. Whereas the human oral cavity is a complex and dynamic ecosystem teeming with microorganisms. The electrochemical potential differences between dissimilar metallic materials, combined with the presence of saliva as electrolytes, may promote the formation of micro-galvanic cells, consequently inducing electrochemical corrosion. Herein, we present an engaging examination of galvanic cell formation between gold dental restorations and amalgam fillings within the oral cavity. By artfully integrating fundamental electrochemical principles with dental science in relatable contexts, we analyze the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of metallic restorations and their potential implications for oral health. Our discussion highlights the advantages of non-metallic alternatives such as composite resins for mitigating electrochemical interactions. Offering both scientific rigor and accessibility, this interdisciplinary exploration bridges oral medicine and electrochemistry, enhancing readers' comprehension of the chemical phenomena underlying oral health maintenance.
2026, 41 (9): 229-234. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507025

Nezha's “lotus root body reconstruction”: a chemical perspective
Xinyue Xia, Yingfeng Liu, Zilin Liu, Yuxi Wu, Yibo Guo, Yanni Long, Xiaochuan Zou
Popularization of chemistry plays a pivotal role in enhancing public scientific literacy, fostering social harmony, and improving quality of life. This study creatively employs the plot of Nezha's “lotus root body reconstruction” from the popular film “Nezha: The Defiant” as an entry point for chemical exploration. We systematically analyze the chemical composition of lotus roots, highlighting how their porous structure provides an optimal microenvironment for cell growth, with components like lotus root starch and proteins playing crucial roles in the reconstruction process. The discussion bridges traditional concepts with modern materials science by examining template methods: specifically, the hard-template approach using anodic aluminum oxide for silver nanowire synthesis and the soft-template method utilizing surfactant self-assembly for guided material growth. Furthermore, we present lotus-inspired biomimetic materials, including osteoblast-proliferating nanofibers and self-cleaning functional coatings. This interdisciplinary approach offers innovative strategies for popularization of chemistry, enabling public understanding of nanomaterial synthesis and applications through familiar narratives, thereby stimulating scientific interest, bridging the chemistry-public gap, and advancing chemical popularization efforts.
2026, 41 (9): 235-243. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507016

The legend of heroes in pixel kingdom: principles and applications of LCD and OLED display technologies
Kexin Yu, Yina Lu, Liang Zhou, Yunyi Shang, Linjie Li, Yimeng Wang, Hui Wang
With the rapid advancement of information technology, humanity has entered a digital era characterized by ubiquitous connectivity, where “screens” serve as the primary medium for this interconnectedness. This article employs the anthropomorphic concept of “Pixel Kingdom” to examine the characteristics and competitive dynamics of two dominant display technologies: LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode). The work systematically elaborates on their operational principles, classifies liquid crystal materials and organic electroluminescent materials, and compares their distinct application features. Through analysis of practical application scenarios, the study further investigates the market penetration strategies of both technologies in mobile device markets, providing readers with a comprehensive overview of display technology evolution.
2026, 41 (9): 244-249. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508097

Dermatology's battle against acne: from sebum rebellion to scientific suppression
Rong Yuan, Jun Xu, Yuxin Wang, Wanmei Li
Set in a dermatology clinic, the dialogue between Dr. Mei and apprentice Xiao Dou elucidates acne pathogenesis: androgen-stimulated sebaceous overproduction combines with keratinocytes to obstruct follicles, forming comedones (oxidized to lipofuscin deposits). Under hypoxic conditions, Propionibacterium acnes metabolizes sebum, triggering inflammatory responses that manifest as erythema, edema, and pustules. Traditional Chinese Medicine diagnostics correlate facial acne distribution with internal imbalances: forehead/brow/nasal lesions indicate lung-heat and cardiac fire, perioral/cheek eruptions suggest spleen-stomach damp-heat, while mandibular acne reflects liver qi stagnation. Therapeutically, salicylic acid demonstrates multifunctional efficacy: its lipophilic nature enables keratin dissolution and pore unclogging, while suppressing sebaceous activity and microbial proliferation, coupled with anti-inflammatory and epidermal renewal properties. This narrative integrates pathophysiological mechanisms with lifestyle interventions to promote evidence-based skincare paradigms.
2026, 41 (9): 250-256. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508102

Cellular chemical reprogramming: the cellular sprite in the time machine
Rong Chen, Yuyuan Wang, Jingyan Yi, Yuan Li, Kai Guo
This narrative follows young scholar Lin Mo's dream journey after academic setbacks, where he encounters CiPS-073, a chemically induced pluripotent stem cell sprite. Through temporal exploration and scientific discourse, the story systematically examines key breakthroughs in chemically induced pluripotent stem cell research. The cellular sprite guides Lin Mo through pivotal moments: John Gurdon's nuclear transfer experiments in Xenopus laevis (marking the inception of somatic cell differentiation reversal), Shinya Yamanaka's team's landmark achievement and subsequent concerns regarding induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using four transcription factors, and the exploration of small molecules as transcription factor alternatives. The narrative elaborates on chemical reprogramming's molecular mechanisms, particularly highlighting the breakthrough by Hongkui Deng's team in China—employing epigenetic reset agents and small molecule combinations to bypass the extraembryonic endoderm intermediate state, significantly reducing somatic cell reprogramming time. The story explores iPSC applications in neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial infarction repair, diabetes treatment, and age-related macular degeneration therapy. Through dialogues with the cellular sprite, Lin Mo gains insight into the evolutionary significance of “program errors” and ultimately recognizes the value of scientific failure, awakening with renewed determination. Centered on the theme “failure drives innovation”, the story encourages young scholars to transform research challenges into opportunities, offering dual enlightenment in scientific literacy and life philosophy.
2026, 41 (9): 257-263. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509042

Melanoma lurks in darkness while vaccine emerges as a potent shield
Ge Ma, Zhen Shen, Kin Shing Chan
Melanoma has long posed significant challenges to human health. With advancements in chemistry and life sciences, numerous therapeutic approaches for melanoma have been developed. This article primarily discusses the pathogenesis of melanoma, along with relevant vaccine-based therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
2026, 41 (9): 264-269. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509006

Chemistry Laboratory

Multidisciplinary experimental teaching design: fabrication of WS₂ on-chip microelectrodes with electrochemical testing and in situ characterization analysis
Xiangye Liu, Penghui Wu, Xinbo Gao, Chao Zhang
This study establishes a multidisciplinary experimental teaching framework centered on micron-scale 2M-phase WS₂ single crystals, integrating micro/nanofabrication, electrochemistry, charge transport electronics, and materials science. Designed to simulate authentic research environments, the curriculum cultivates students' interdisciplinary thinking and comprehensive practical skills. The experimental workflow encompasses: (1) on-chip microelectrode fabrication via photolithography and other micro/nanoprocessing techniques, (2) electrochemical evaluation of Zn-ion intercalation/deintercalation in WS₂ using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements, and (3) mechanistic investigation of phase transitions through synchronized in situ optical imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical characterization. This pedagogical approach not only equips students with fundamental theoretical knowledge and experimental competencies, but also fosters innovative thinking through cross-disciplinary integration. The methodology presents an effective training paradigm for developing high-caliber researchers in emerging energy and information materials fields, while contributing valuable theoretical and practical insights to multidisciplinary experimental education.
2026, 41 (9): 270-281. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508040

Synthesis and controlled release analysis of curcumin/copper colloidal nanoparticles: an innovative physical chemistry experiment for medical undergraduates
Yuxing Ji, Aizhi Wu, Quanzhou Wu, Xiaojun Zhao
To improve pharmacy undergraduates' understanding and application of colloid chemistry and chemical kinetics while addressing the lack of innovation and engagement in traditional physical chemistry experiments, we developed a teaching experiment involving the preparation of curcumin/copper colloidal nanoparticles and their drug release kinetics. This experiment combines scientific education with ideological elements to enhance students' ability to integrate theoretical knowledge with practical skills. Using coordination bonding and self-assembly techniques, we synthesized well-dispersed drug/metal colloidal nanoparticles with uniform particle sizes. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine their size distribution, surface charge, UV-Vis absorption peaks, pH-dependent controlled release properties, and free radical generation capacity. This open-ended experimental design not only strengthens student' ability to connect theory with practice but also stimulates their interest through interdisciplinary research, effectively bridging fundamental teaching with scientific training to cultivate innovative pharmaceutical professionals.
2026, 41 (9): 282-292. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508051

From microstructure to macroscopic polarity: synergistic analysis of dipole moments through experimental and computational approaches
Ruming Yuan, Laiying Zhang, Xiaoming Xu, Pingping Wu, Gang Fu, Bin Ren
Addressing the limitations of conventional dipole moment experiments that prioritize operational procedures over mechanistic insights, this study presents an integrated “experimental-computational” teaching approach within the chemistry measurement experiments module of the Chemistry “101 Plan”. The methodology combines classical solution-phase dipole moment measurements with quantum chemical calculations using Gaussian/GaussView software, enabling students to investigate the origin of molecular polarity, solvent effects, and conformational control through electrostatic potential (ESP) mapping and natural bond orbital (NBO) charge analysis. A progressive three-level learning framework—spanning fundamental, advanced, and innovative modules—systematically develops students' understanding of structure-property-function relationships. This approach effectively bridges experimental techniques with molecular design competencies, providing an educational model for cultivating interdisciplinary chemists with both practical skills and innovative thinking.
2026, 41 (9): 293-300. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508054

From research to classroom: construction an innovative polymer chemistry experiment based on solution self-assembly
Mingyan Luo, Bixin Jin, Xiaoyu Li
Building upon cutting-edge research topics, we developed a comprehensive structural characterization experiment entitled “Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers in Solution and Their Structural Characterization” by integrating knowledge from “Polymer Synthetic Chemistry” and “Modern Analytical Methods for Material Structure” courses. This experiment employs multiple advanced techniques to systematically characterize and analyze block copolymers at various structural levels, including their chemical composition, liquid crystalline phases, and nanoscale solution assembly structures. Through this experimental design, students not only enhance their understanding of organic chemistry and polymer science while reinforcing practical synthesis skills, but also effectively integrate various characterization methods from modern material analysis techniques, thereby strengthening their expertise in structural analysis. This research-to-classroom teaching approach stimulates students' learning interest, cultivates interdisciplinary thinking, and develops their ability to comprehensively apply knowledge to solve practical research problems, meeting the demands of modern higher education for cultivating innovative talents.
2026, 41 (9): 301-312. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509058

Comprehensive innovative experiment: construction and performance evaluation of solid-state lithium metal batteries via in situ polymerization technology
Zhiming Cui, Yuanlong Wu
Aiming to enhance undergraduate research capabilities and foster the integration of scientific research with teaching, a comprehensive innovative experiment closely aligned with contemporary energy research frontiers was developed: “construction and performance evaluation of solid-state lithium metal batteries via in situ polymerization technology”. The experiment employs fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for structural characterization of the electrolyte and incorporates electrochemical techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge testing to strengthen students' grasp of fundamental electrochemical principles in lithium batteries. This practical experience provides students with insights into cutting-edge new energy technologies, stimulates research interest, broadens scientific thinking, and cultivates research skills.
2026, 41 (9): 313-323. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508043

Comprehensive chemical experiment: fabrication and characterizations of organic solar cells based on a fully non-fused ring electron acceptor
Wenxu Liu, Feng Han, Yuhan Liu, Huayi Liu, Wentian Han, Xiaobin Gu, Xin Zhang, Yao Liu
The development of novel photovoltaic devices constitutes a crucial technological approach for achieving China's Dual Carbon Goals (Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Policy). This comprehensive chemical experiment introduces organic solar cells (OSCs) utilizing fully non-fused ring electron acceptors (NFREAs). Through systematic comparison with fused-ring electron acceptor (FREA)-based devices in terms of power conversion efficiency, material cost, and operational stability, the experiment demonstrates the practical advantages of NFREA structures. Integrating device fabrication, performance characterization, stability assessment, and cost analysis into a modular teaching framework, this experiment overcomes the traditional emphasis on performance metrics while neglecting cost considerations. By transforming cutting-edge research into instructional experiments, this approach not only exposes students to frontier scientific developments and green chemistry principles, but also cultivates innovative thinking, cost awareness, and comprehensive practical skills - thereby laying a foundation for talent development in the renewable energy sector.
2026, 41 (9): 324-336. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509033

Comprehensive experiment design on fabrication and characterization of perovskite light-emitting diodes based on hole transport layer modulation
Lihui Liu, Mingguang Li
Perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as a promising next-generation display technology, demonstrating breakthrough advancements in both luminous efficiency and stability, with potential applications in ultra-high-definition, flexible, and wearable displays. Guided by the principle of integrating cutting-edge research into teaching, this study presents a comprehensive perovskite LED experiment centered on hole transport layer modulation, investigating the effects of charge transport layers on perovskite crystallization kinetics, carrier transport properties, and luminescence efficiency. The experimental design incorporates a complete teaching module encompassing “material preparation-device integration-performance characterization”. This approach not only enables students to acquire essential experimental skills—including literature review, material synthesis, device fabrication, structural characterization, and optoelectronic performance testing—but also deepens their understanding of device physics in perovskite LEDs, thereby effectively enhancing their innovative thinking and engineering practice capabilities.
2026, 41 (9): 337-346. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509054

Experimental sharing on the construction of phase diagrams for partially miscible binary liquid systems
Qiong Ding, Chuqing Gong, Yunhua Chen, Faqiong Zhao, Haibo Zhang
In undergraduate phase diagram instruction, most institutions conventionally employ completely miscible binary liquid systems as teaching models. These systems involve measuring vapor-liquid equilibrium data at varying temperatures to construct phase diagrams, thereby validating phase diagram theory and enhancing students' conceptual understanding. Within this pedagogical context, our study investigates the partially miscible isobutyric acid and distilled water system, introducing an innovative experimental approach utilizing the height method for phase diagram construction. The experimental design is fundamentally based on the lever rule from phase diagram theory, with refractive index measurements serving as validation, ultimately yielding a well-defined “cap-shaped” phase diagram. Additionally, the modular teaching framework developed from this experimental design demonstrates adaptability to diverse instructional levels. Through multifaceted practical implementations, this approach effectively cultivates students' experimental design capabilities, data analysis skills, and comprehensive problem-solving competencies.
2026, 41 (9): 347-354. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508080

Design of an intelligent scoring system for physical chemistry experiment reports and its application in teaching
Songxue Shao, Zhaoyuan Zhang, Haiyun Shen, Lijuan Qiu, Xi Yu, Lina Zhu
In the context of smart education and AI-enhanced teaching, this study developed an intelligent scoring system for physical chemistry experiment reports and implemented it in teaching practice. The system enables automated evaluation and intelligent analysis of student reports while providing learning analytics feedback. Through two semesters of practical application, the system has demonstrated significant improvements in grading efficiency, reduced feedback turnaround time, and maintained high levels of objectivity and accuracy in assessment. This paper details the system's design principles, architecture, and practical implementation, along with an evaluation of its performance and future prospects. The findings offer valuable insights for applying artificial intelligence in higher education, particularly in STEM experimental instruction.
2026, 41 (9): 355-365. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509051

Reform and practice of spectrophotometry experimental course with the integration of aesthetic education
Quanxing Mao, Yuejiao Wang, Jing Gao, Pingli Kang, Yuyang Zhang, Zhenning Lou
Aesthetic education constitutes a vital component of the “Five-Education” pedagogical framework. While theoretical discussions about incorporating aesthetic education into chemistry experiment courses abound, practical implementations remain scarce. Under the guidance of aesthetic education principles, the authors have innovatively redesigned the spectrophotometry experiment course. This redesigned course centers on spectrophotometric analysis of betanin extract content, cultivating students' practical skills in applying the standard curve method using spectrophotometers. The incorporation of a betanin extraction procedure addresses the common deficiency in traditional analytical chemistry experiments that often omit sample preparation, thereby enabling students to comprehend the complete analytical process. Furthermore, the integration of intangible cultural heritage elements such as traditional lipstick formulation and handcrafted tie-dye techniques enhances both the course's engaging qualities and educational value. Notably, the modular design of this spectrophotometry experiment course allows flexible adaptation according to specific teaching objectives and conditions, demonstrating considerable potential for broader application.
2026, 41 (9): 366-372. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509057

Between Teacher and Student

Study of enzyme catalytic mechanism based on statistical energy analysis: taking serine hydrolases as an example
Yingying Wang, Yang Yu
The widespread adoption of artificial intelligence methods and structural bioinformatics tools, exemplified by AlphaFold, presents new challenges in biochemistry education regarding how to cultivate students' ability to perform quantitative analysis using big data on protein structures. This study develops an instructional case centered on serine hydrolases, which synergistically combines statistical mechanics principles, amino acid residue rotamer libraries, the Boltzmann probability-energy relationship, and transition state theory in enzyme catalysis. The pedagogical approach guides students to analyze dihedral angle distributions of catalytic residues across different serine hydrolase states (ligand-free, substrate analogs, and transition state analogs), compute the corresponding statistical energies of conformational preferences, and estimate catalytic acceleration factors from statistical energy changes. This teaching framework not only enhances students' competencies in database retrieval, statistical analysis, and programming, but also provides deeper mechanistic insights into ground state destabilization as a fundamental enzyme catalytic strategy, thereby establishing a foundation for future research in protein design and computational enzyme engineering.
2026, 41 (9): 373-381. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508066

Application of the analogy method in the teaching of organic chemistry mechanisms: exemplified by carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acid derivatives
Chonghang Sun, Xingfang Zheng, Lin Li, Xiaolei Jiang, Fangdong Hu
The analogy method, as an effective pedagogical strategy grounded in cognitive psychology, significantly enhances knowledge comprehension and transfer by establishing connections and drawing comparisons between familiar and unfamiliar concepts. This study implements the analogy method in organic chemistry mechanism instruction, demonstrating its efficacy in helping students construct cognitive bridges between new and prior knowledge, thereby strengthening conceptual understanding and retention. Moreover, this approach effectively cultivates students' knowledge transfer capabilities and problem-solving skills. Focusing on fundamental organic chemistry content, this investigation systematically examines instructional strategies employing the analogy method through three pivotal reaction mechanisms—nucleophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, and 1,2-rearrangement—using representative carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and carboxylic acid derivatives as illustrative examples. The findings reveal that this methodology successfully overcomes cognitive obstacles inherent in conventional teaching approaches, substantially enhances students' chemical reasoning abilities and innovative thinking, and offers a novel practical framework for teaching organic reaction mechanisms.
2026, 41 (9): 382-391. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508095

Proposed revisions to ternary phase diagrams featuring two pairs of partially miscible liquids
Wensheng Ning, Zonghao Huang, Bo Zhang
Numerous Physical Chemistry textbooks employ the ethylene nitrile-water-ethanol system to illustrate ternary phase diagrams with two pairs of partially miscible liquids. However, two significant concerns have emerged: first, regarding the actual existence of the compound termed “ethylene nitrile”, and second, whether the phase diagrams accurately represent the characteristic solubility changes with decreasing temperature. Since phase diagrams are constructed based on experimental data, it is essential to provide the systematic nomenclature and molecular structure of “ethylene nitrile” to ensure the correct compound can be obtained for experimental verification. The accuracy of phase diagrams directly impacts their reliability in practical applications, thus warranting careful examination of discrepancies among diagrams presented in different textbooks.
2026, 41 (9): 392-395. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508086

AI-assisted discovery of chemical reaction kinetic equations: a case study on sucrose hydrolysis
Gengwei Zhang, Jun Cao
This study presents a genetic programming-based symbolic regression approach for the automated discovery of chemical reaction kinetic differential equations from experimental data. Using three distinct sets of literature-reported optical rotation data from sucrose hydrolysis reactions, we validated the method's efficacy in identifying chemical reaction differential equations while examining the influence of numerical errors on equation recognition. Our findings demonstrate that this approach not only accurately identifies the mathematical expressions of sucrose hydrolysis kinetic differential equations that align with theoretical derivations, but also optimizes the estimation of kinetic parameters. This research facilitates students' understanding of the process of deriving scientific laws from experimental data, bridging the conceptual gap between experimental observation and scientific discovery. Furthermore, it provides robust technical support for implementing the emerging paradigm of “AI-assisted scientific discovery” in university-level chemistry education.
2026, 41 (9): 396-404. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508037

A frontier orbital symmetry analysis for the formate and formyl pathway of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol catalyzed by transition metal/metal oxide
Wenliang Wang, Weina Wang, Tian Sheng, Nan Wei, Sufan Wang, Tao Zhou
Based on the frontier orbital theory, the rationality of the reaction mechanism for both carbonate and formyl paths in the transition metal/metal oxide catalyzed CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol was analyzed in detail. It is suggested that in the teaching process of structural chemistry, a simple symmetry analysis of the activation strategies of CO₂, CO and H₂ and the reaction mechanisms of the key steps in these two paths were conducted. This can not only deepen students' understanding of the frontier orbital theory, but also timely convert the hot research topics into teaching materials, so as to stimulate students' interest in learning structural chemistry.
2026, 41 (9): 405-411. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508059

Alternation rule of looseness and tightness for the atomic model and its applications
Shichen Xu, Tongliang Lü, Wei Wei, Yanqing Xu, Hui Li
Based on fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, this study systematically investigates the theoretical framework of the alternation rule of looseness and tightness and its distinctive significance in explaining periodic anomalies. The shielding constant is calculated using the modified Slater's rule, elucidating the underlying mechanism of the alternating “tight-loose-tight-loose” electron layer configuration. Through analysis of representative cases—including property variations among copper group elements and anomalous oxidation behaviors of p-block oxoacids—the explanatory power of this alternation rule is demonstrated. Furthermore, systematic comparative analysis of physicochemical parameters across main-group and transition elements validates the universal applicability of this rule.
2026, 41 (9): 412-420. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509036

Exploration and practice of a structural chemistry teaching model integrating BOPPPS model and Xuexitong platform: a case study of “fundamentals of quantum mechanics”
Huiduan Li, Zenghua Li, Hongrui Wang
This study focuses on the “fundamentals of quantum mechanics” module within the Structural Chemistry curriculum to establish an integrated paradigm combining the BOPPPS (Bridge-in, Objective, Pre-assessment, Participatory Learning, Post-assessment, Summary) teaching model with IPEC (Ideological and Political Education in Courses). Utilizing the Xuexitong learning platform, we implemented a five-dimensional pedagogical framework comprising: goal orientation → cognitive diagnosis → participatory learning → quantitative feedback → value internalization. The results demonstrate that this model not only significantly enhances students' academic performance but also achieves synergistic educational outcomes in knowledge internalization, skill development, and value cultivation. The BOPPPS model provides a dual-driven “knowledge transmission-value guidance” paradigm for cognitively demanding courses, offering a transferable reform approach for the development of new science education.
2026, 41 (9): 421-432. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509008

Self Studies

Teaching practice of Aspen HYSYS reactor modules: quantitative simulation of equilibrium shift
Yinjuan Chen, Wenjie Liu, Kailiang Yin
This study addresses the challenges of analytical solution for equilibrium calculation of complex chemical reactions with high stoichiometric coefficients in chemical equilibrium teaching. Focusing on the equilibrium conversion rate of ammonia synthesis, we integrate the Gibbs function criterion, Van't Hoff equation, and Le Chatelier's principle to elucidate both qualitative and quantitative effects of temperature and pressure on reaction equilibrium. To overcome traditional teaching limitations in calculating the conversion rates for multi-molecular reactions, we employ Aspen HYSYS software's Gibbs Reactor module to establish a digital simulation platform. Using the PR-Twu property package with real gas fugacity corrections, we simulate hydrogen conversion rates under operational conditions of 450-550 ℃ and 20-30 MPa, comparing results with theoretical values derived from ideal gas assumptions. Our findings demonstrate significant fugacity effects under high pressure (e.g., 49.3% simulated conversion vs. 62.9% theoretical maximum at 30 MPa/450 ℃), confirming the inadequacy of ideal models for high-pressure systems. Furthermore, results show that increased temperature reduces ammonia synthesis conversion while elevated pressure enhances it. This work provides visual verification of thermodynamic principles through digital simulation, offering a data-driven pedagogical approach for chemical equilibrium education.
2026, 41 (9): 433-441. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508072

Application of NBO analysis in studying regioselectivity and reactivity of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions
Yuyao Chen, Qirui Zou, Bowen Liu, Fuyun Li, Ao Zhang, Xiuwei Fan
The regioselectivity of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in substituted arenes has traditionally been explained qualitatively through substituent electronic effects, yet quantitative analysis remains challenging. This study employs Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis coupled with Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) theory to systematically examine charge distribution and reactivity in substituted arenes. By quantifying the influence of characteristic substituents (activating ortho/para-directing groups, deactivating ortho/para-directing groups, and meta-directing groups) on charge transfer within the aromatic ring, we elucidate the fundamental principles of electronic redistribution. Through visualization of electronic effects (NBO charge difference maps and electrostatic potential maps), we achieve quantitative interpretation of orientation rules in electrophilic aromatic substitution. This work presents a practical computational chemistry case study for organic chemistry education, enhancing students' understanding of regioselectivity and reactivity in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions.
2026, 41 (9): 442-448. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509012

Spontaneous urea formation in microscale water droplets: an analysis of macro- and micro-chemical equilibrium
Ziyue Zhou, Ruoxuan Wang, Qun Wang, Yang Li, Xinzhi Wang, Songtao Lu, Xiaohong Wu
Chemical equilibrium represents a cornerstone concept in chemistry education, serving as a pivotal framework for cultivating students' understanding of dynamic systems and equilibrium principles. Within physical chemistry pedagogy, chemical equilibrium is traditionally approached as a macroscopic thermodynamic system, often neglecting microscopic interpretations. This pedagogical gap leaves students struggling to comprehend key microscopic characteristics of equilibrium states—particularly their dynamic and reversible nature. The “macro identification and micro analysis” competency embodies chemistry-specific cognitive approaches and constitutes a fundamental element of disciplinary core literacy. Contemporary educators are addressing this by integrating cutting-edge research into curricula, using landmark developments like synthetic urea formation as case studies to demonstrate advances in chemical equilibrium understanding. This methodology emphasizes interdisciplinary synthesis and knowledge application, fostering micro-level conceptual mastery while guiding students toward research-oriented disciplinary perspectives. Through this approach, students gain appreciation for how multidisciplinary knowledge informs practical applications, thereby facilitating the transformation of abstract concepts into scientific literacy.
2026, 41 (9): 449-456. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509025

¹⁹F-¹³C spin coupling effects in ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and exemplary case analysis
Chenxu Gong, Chunfa Xu, Hong Yan, Yuanming Li, Yaofeng Yuan, Yu-wu Zhong, Keyin Ye
¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy stands as one of the most fundamental techniques for structural elucidation of organic compounds. However, current NMR pedagogy often provides insufficient and fragmented coverage regarding spectral interpretation of fluorine-containing compounds. This educational gap leads both chemistry students and specialized organic chemistry researchers to frequently neglect the significant impact of ¹⁹F-¹³C spin-spin coupling on carbon signal splitting patterns, potentially resulting in misinterpretation of ¹³C NMR spectra. The present work systematically examines the coupling interactions between ¹⁹F and ¹³C nuclei in NMR spectroscopy, supported by detailed analyses of representative ¹³C NMR spectra from authentic research cases involving typical organofluorine compounds. Through this approach, we aim to establish comprehensive guidelines for recognizing characteristic ¹⁹F-¹³C coupling patterns, thereby providing essential references and practical analytical methodologies for structural characterization of fluorinated organic compounds.
2026, 41 (9): 457-464. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202509072