University Chemistry

Study and Reform of Chemical Education

Reform and practice of full-process blended learning in environmental chemistry courses enhanced by digital and intelligent technologies
Jingnan Li, Qunhui Wang, Mengying Ma, Na Song, Jingrong Shu, Meng Ren, Mingyu Li
This study investigates the innovation of full-process blended learning in environmental chemistry courses through the application of digital and intelligent technologies, aiming to facilitate deep integration across all teaching stages. By utilizing these advanced technologies, the teaching content can be dynamically updated to align with cutting-edge scientific research and practical developments in environmental science. Virtual simulation-supported project-based and case-driven teaching methods enable students to strengthen their analytical and problem-solving skills in complex, near-realistic scenarios. Furthermore, an intelligent platform-based comprehensive evaluation system provides multidimensional monitoring and feedback on students' learning processes and outcomes, promoting differentiated learning and continuous improvement. This paper summarizes the specific implementations of digital and intelligent technologies in curriculum reform and highlights the key components and practices of full-process blended learning, offering robust support for cultivating innovative and practice-oriented environmental professionals.
2026, 41 (8): 1-7. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507110

Blended online and offline teaching course design for the periodic table of elements and periodic variations in element properties
Peiyan Ma, Zheng Xie, Chen Wang
Utilizing the LIGONG Smart Course Platform, our team has comprehensively restructured the inorganic chemistry teaching content, with the “Periodic Table” module serving as a representative case. We have systematically developed a blended online-offline teaching model for inorganic chemistry that embodies the “student-centered, teacher-guided” educational philosophy. By integrating intelligent learning tools such as DeepSeek and implementing diversified strategies—including baseline assessments, differentiated instruction, contextualized learning scenarios, curriculum-based ideological and political education, flipped classrooms, inquiry-based learning, data-driven analysis, problem-based learning, and research-informed teaching—we have conducted extensive teaching practice. This model aims to enhance students' self-directed learning capabilities, critical thinking, and teamwork skills while strengthening their proficiency in literature retrieval, academic communication, and practical innovation. Additionally, it incorporates research literacy training and ideological education to foster a rigorous, truth-seeking scientific attitude and a sense of social responsibility to serve the nation. Teaching practice demonstrates that this model effectively stimulates student interest, facilitates knowledge transfer, and promotes the development of comprehensive competencies.
2026, 41 (8): 8-18. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508015

Reform of course and textbook construction in inorganic chemistry and chemical-analysis experiment I
Ronglan Zhang, Lei Hou, Dong Yang, Jie Chen, Hongshan Ke, Lin Bao, Wenjuan Shi, Jianli Li, Yan Li, Bin Cui
To cultivate high quality chemical talents who hold innovative and practical abilities, the College of Chemistry and Materials Science at Northwest University has implemented a systematic reform of the Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical-Analysis Experiment I course and its supporting textbook, Basic Chemistry Experiment I—Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical-Analysis Experiment. The reform aligns closely with the modular framework of the “101 Plan” for basic chemical experiments. These measures have significantly enhanced students' experimental skills and scientific research literacy. The reform has yielded substantial outcomes, offering practical insights for the advancement of basic chemistry experimental teaching.
2026, 41 (8): 19-29. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508025

A millennium of glass radiance, inheritance of artisan spirit: integrating glass culture into the ideological and political education of the inorganic chemistry course
Shoulei Zhang, Xiaojie Gu, Siyu Zong, Jingjing Sun, Xiaomin Ren, Shaomin Zhu, Xijie Lan, Yu Wang
The Chemistry “101 Plan” identifies broadening horizons and connecting with cutting-edge advancements as key objectives for inorganic chemistry course. This study proposes incorporating the development and heritage of Chinese glass culture as an ideological-political case study within the “Compounds of Silicon” module. Through exploring China's rich glass-making history, contemporary breakthroughs in advanced glass materials, and discoveries in lunar glass research, this approach expands students' cultural and academic perspectives while strengthening cultural confidence and national pride. The case study cultivates craftsmanship excellence and scientific innovation spirit, while inspiring students' sense of mission in building a technologically advanced nation. Teaching practice demonstrates that this ideological-political case successfully achieves the integrated development of knowledge, skills, and literacy, effectively fulfilling the curriculum's ideological-political education function.
2026, 41 (8): 30-39. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508029

Digital and intelligent transformation of organic chemistry teaching
Cuiyuan Liang, Xinyu Zhang, Mei Zhang, Dianpeng Qi
Conventional organic chemistry teaching methods frequently fail to meet the requirements for personalized learning and fostering innovative abilities, both in terms of content presentation and instructional approaches. This study implements digital strategies—including the establishment of resource databases and virtual laboratories—to render abstract chemical concepts visually accessible, thereby effectively stimulating students' interest. Utilizing intelligent teaching systems and performance evaluation feedback mechanisms, the approach facilitates accurate learning analytics to address individualized educational needs. Additionally, the paper examines implementation challenges and explores future directions for development.
2026, 41 (8): 40-46. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507053

Classroom teaching strategies to break through students’ cognitive dilemmas: a case of inorganic and analytical chemistry course
Zhihui Xu, Jiangyan Xu
Based on cognitive psychology theory, this paper explores practical strategies for optimizing classroom teaching to address the multiple cognitive dilemmas faced by students in the teaching of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry. These strategies include building scaffolding, optimizing knowledge representation, constructing cognitive networks, regulating cognitive load, promoting in-depth knowledge understanding, and problem driven metacognitive development. Practice shows that this strategic system is beneficial for students to overcome their cognitive barriers and boost the transformation from knowledge memorization to skill transfer, providing reference for the teaching reform of basic science courses.
2026, 41 (8): 47-53. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507059

Development and implementation of a “point-line-plane” gradient innovation teaching model for physical chemistry courses
Xiaogang Liu, Mengyu Chen, Xing Zhang, Xiantao Ma, Hongjun Wang
This study addresses three critical teaching challenges in physical chemistry education: fragmented knowledge systems, inadequate development of practical engineering skills, and limited evaluation metrics. We propose an innovative gradient teaching framework based on “core reconstruction-systematic articulation-ecological integration”. The “point” dimension features modular knowledge graph reconstruction and an industry-oriented micro-case repository to enhance application anchoring. The “line” dimension employs a three-tier experimental system with dual-chain integration to facilitate progressive skill development. At the “plane” dimension, we establish an interdisciplinary teaching ecosystem incorporating SOLO (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) taxonomy and value-added assessment systems. Implementation results demonstrate significant improvements in students' knowledge transfer capabilities, experimental design completeness, and a threefold increase in innovative output.
2026, 41 (8): 54-62. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507124

Integration of project-based learning and generative artificial intelligence promotes advanced development in traditional Chinese medicine chemistry laboratory instruction
Mingliang Gao, Guisheng Zhou, Peidong Chen
This study systematically examines the current advancements of project-based learning (PBL) and generative artificial intelligence (Gen-AI) in chemical education, while addressing the practical challenges encountered in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) chemistry laboratory teaching. The research focuses on exploring the synergistic potential of integrating these two approaches in TCM chemistry experimental education. Utilizing our teaching group's established tiered experimental framework—which includes confirmatory, comprehensive, and independent design experiments—we demonstrate the application of these methodologies through specific case studies, such as palmatine preparation from Fibraureae Caulis and rutin extraction from Sophorae Flos. The investigation systematically explores implementation pathways for incorporating PBL combined with Gen-AI throughout three key phases: pre-laboratory preparation, in-laboratory experimentation, and post-laboratory assessment. By integrating theoretical analysis with practical case studies, this work provides actionable guidance for developing a modern, effective experimental teaching paradigm in TCM chemistry education.
2026, 41 (8): 63-70. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507064

Reform practices in medical organic chemistry teaching for international students: an innovative approach centered on chirality concepts
Zhiwei Wang, Yanhong Bai, Xin Zhao, Renwu Zhou, Rusen Zhou, Le Liu, Xiaobo Shang
This study examines pedagogical innovations in Medical Organic Chemistry instruction for international students, with a particular focus on chirality concepts as the instructional cornerstone. By integrating value guidance and aesthetic education into the curriculum, we have developed novel teaching methodologies designed to enhance educational quality and cultivate medical professionals with global perspectives, scientific competence, and humanistic values. Our approach incorporates practical case studies, interactive learning strategies, and multicultural elements to stimulate student engagement, deepen conceptual understanding, and foster practical application skills. These initiatives simultaneously facilitate cross-cultural exchange and establish a robust foundation for students' future medical practice.
2026, 41 (8): 71-78. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507050

Ideological and political design in the teaching of chemical literature retrieval and scientific paper writing course
Xiaoxia Dai, Changjun You
The Chemical Literature Retrieval and Scientific Paper Writing course constitutes a vital component of university chemistry education. To promote the deep integration of curriculum instruction with ideological and political education, we developed an information-based resource platform and systematically incorporated ideological-political elements throughout the teaching process. This approach achieves synergistic alignment of knowledge delivery, skill development, and value orientation. Through optimizing instructional content, innovating pedagogical methods, and refining evaluation mechanisms, students demonstrated significant improvement in both professional competencies and ideological-political awareness.
2026, 41 (8): 79-86. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508018

Practice and exploration of ideological and political education integration in modern chemistry and human civilization course
Wanzhong Lang
This study investigates the incorporation of ideological and political education into the modern chemistry and human civilization course. The research involves restructuring the knowledge framework and identifying ideological and political elements within the course content. Using the Chemistry and Health chapter as a case study, we developed a specialized teaching design integrating ideological and political education. A multidimensional approach was employed for course quality assessment. Results demonstrate significant learning outcomes, with students showing high recognition of the course's ideological and political educational value. The program has gained considerable popularity among students and professional acclaim, offering valuable practical insights for implementing ideological and political education in university general education courses.
2026, 41 (8): 87-95. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507126

Exploration and practice of diversified teaching methods in organic chemistry from the perspective of secondary-university connection
Siyuan Liu, Wenyi Qu, Weitong Zhao, Ruixin Heng, Kun Yin, Quanlin Liao, Beibei Jiang, Suhua Fan
This study conducts a tripartite analysis encompassing students, teachers, and teaching materials to examine how first-year university students learned organic chemistry during high school. It investigates university instructors' perceptions and pedagogical approaches regarding the secondary-university connection, while systematically comparing the knowledge organization and depth differences between secondary-level “Organic Chemistry” and its university counterpart. The research ultimately proposes instructional strategies across three dimensions—conceptual knowledge, practical application, and comprehensive competency development—aiming to facilitate freshmen's adaptation to university-level learning and explore effective organic chemistry learning approaches within this transitional context.
2026, 41 (8): 96-102. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507090

Implementation and insights: AI teaching assistant in smart physical chemistry laboratory course
Lijuan Qiu, Lina Zhu, Haiyun Shen, Songxue Shao, Haiyuan Wang
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology has positioned smart course development as a pivotal aspect of higher education reform. In physical chemistry laboratory instruction, AI teaching assistant technology presents innovative solutions to longstanding challenges in conventional experimental pedagogy. This article details the implementation of an AI teaching assistant system within Tianjin University's smart physical chemistry laboratory course, examining its practical deployment, post-implementation evaluations, and potential extensions. The findings offer actionable insights for advancing intelligent transformation of laboratory courses in higher education settings.
2026, 41 (8): 103-110. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508024

Application of AI teaching assistants in elemental inorganic chemistry teaching
Yanyang Han, Shanshan Liu, Tao He, Kai Feng, Xin Yang, Qingzhong Li, Tao Zhang
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has positioned AI teaching assistants as an increasingly important component of higher education reform. Elemental Inorganic Chemistry, a specialized course characterized by extensive yet fragmented knowledge points and rigorous logical structures, presents inherent challenges in traditional teaching approaches. These include disjointed knowledge delivery, limited personalization in large-class settings, and excessive instructor workloads. This study systematically investigates innovative applications of AI teaching assistants through a practical implementation in an Elemental Inorganic Chemistry course. The research establishes a comprehensive teaching framework integrating “digital resources-personalized pathways-dynamic evaluation” by constructing a knowledge graph to organize fragmented course content, developing an intelligent Q&A system for 24-hour real-time student support, and implementing learning performance analysis with personalized recommendations. These findings suggest that AI teaching assistants offer viable solutions for resource integration and personalized learning in Elemental Inorganic Chemistry, providing practical insights for the digital transformation of chemistry education.
2026, 41 (8): 111-118. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507097

Telling the story of Chinese chromatography by a case study of ideological and political education in the course of instrumental analysis: taking high-performance liquid chromatography as an example
Xi Bai, Weigang Fan, Fang Mi, Yuhua Ma, Guixin Li, Yinping Li, Gulimeikereyi Tuniyazi, Ming Guan
This study conducts teaching practice for ideological and political education in the instrumental analysis course with local characteristics, using the theme of “telling compelling stories about Chinese chromatography” as its central focus. Taking high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the instrumental analysis course as an example, the research integrates ideological and political teaching elements into pre-class, in-class, and post-class instructional phases through modern media platforms such as Zhihuishu, Chaoxing Yuclass, and DingTalk. A diversified assessment system is established based on teaching stages to monitor and evaluate students' learning outcomes. While delivering professional knowledge, this case study has effectively stimulated students' learning interest and helped them develop professional identity, enabling them to remain true to their original aspirations. It cultivates a courageous spirit of scientific exploration, fosters innovation awareness in pursuing excellence, instills a sense of mission to serve the nation through science and technology, strengthens national confidence and patriotism, promotes the craftsman spirit of rigor and pragmatism, and advocates the sustainable development concept of green environmental protection.
2026, 41 (8): 119-129. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507130

Construction and reflection on a research-education integrated teaching case database for pharmaceutical basic chemistry
Peng Zhan
This paper conducts a systematic elaboration on the development and implementation of a teaching case database for pharmaceutical basic chemistry (inorganic chemistry) within the framework of “research-education integration”. The database is characterized by a tripartite structure that connects “cutting-edge research findings-fundamental principles-pharmaceutical applications”. The case studies included in the database are carefully selected from top-tier journals such as Nature, Science, and Cell. These cases encompass key chemical concepts like molecular structures, coordination chemistry, redox reactions, and elemental chemistry. The design of the database emphasizes four thematic dimensions: clinical challenges, pharmaceutical innovations, traditional Chinese medicine applications, and life science discoveries, which enhances students' ability to understand drug mechanisms and development processes at the molecular level.
2026, 41 (8): 130-138. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507079

Survey of Chemistry

Noble metal aerogels: discovery, synthesis, gelation mechanism, and applications
Hengjia Wang, Wenling Gu, Chengzhou Zhu
As an emerging class of three-dimensional self-assembled nanomaterials, noble metal aerogels (NMAs) have garnered significant research interest due to their unique combination of the excellent physicochemical properties inherent to noble metals and the distinctive structural advantages of self-supporting porous aerogel networks. This review highlights key advancements in NMA research over the past decade, encompassing their discovery, synthetic approaches, gelation mechanisms, and diverse applications in electrocatalysis, sensing, and self-propelled devices. Current challenges and future research directions in this field are also critically discussed.
2026, 41 (8): 139-147. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507078

Research progress on 1,3-difunctionalization of alkenes
Junyuan Zhang, Xiangzheng Ren, Zhiwei Miao
The 1,3-difunctionalization of alkenes offers an efficient synthetic strategy for constructing complex molecules through simultaneous introduction of two functional groups at non-adjacent carbon positions (α and γ). This transformation presents several challenges, including multiple potential reaction sites, extended distance between reactive centers, regioselective competition with 1,2- and 1,1-difunctionalized products, as well as chemoselectivity issues in multicomponent reactions. Developing catalytic systems that enable highly regioselective, step-economical, and atom-economical 1,3-difunctionalization of alkenes has become a key research focus in organic chemistry. This review summarizes recent advances in alkene 1,3-difunctionalization reactions and provides perspectives on future developments in this field.
2026, 41 (8): 148-161. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507121

Advances in BiVO₄-based photoanodes for solar water splitting performance
Rui-Ting Gao, Xiaotian Guo, Lei Wang
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting represents a pivotal technology for solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion. Among semiconductor photoanode materials, BiVO₄ has emerged as a highly promising candidate owing to its optimal bandgap (2.4-2.5 eV), exceptional chemical stability, environmental inertness, and facile synthesis. Nevertheless, its PEC efficiency is constrained by sluggish charge carrier transport kinetics and substantial bulk/surface recombination. Recent studies have demonstrated that these limitations can be effectively mitigated through targeted modification strategies, leading to significant enhancements in the photoelectrochemical performance of the BiVO₄. This review systematically examines key optimization approaches, including nanostructure engineering, doping (intrinsic/extrinsic), heterojunction construction, surface passivation, and cocatalyst loading, while evaluating their impacts on charge separation and transport dynamics. Finally, we present perspectives on future research directions to advance BiVO₄-based PEC systems.
2026, 41 (8): 162-175. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507100

Special physical and chemical properties and physiological effects of ds-block elements arising from their electronic structures
Mingbao Liu, Tian Zhang, Heng Liu, Baoyue Cao, Chengfang Qiao
The ds-block elements constitute a distinct region in the periodic table. With advancements in science and technology, these elements have become increasingly closely associated with four major areas of chemical research in the 21st century: materials science, environmental studies, energy applications, and biological systems. This paper aims to elucidate the unique electronic configuration of ds-block elements from an instructional perspective, along with their derived physicochemical characteristics and biological impacts. These discussions serve to strengthen fundamental knowledge of ds-block elements, enhance interdisciplinary understanding, improve students' scientific literacy, and foster innovative thinking.
2026, 41 (8): 176-193. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507120

Science Education

“I’m not the villain!”: a free radical’s manifesto
Xiao Ma, Junjie Wang, Xin Chen, Jingcheng Li, Fang Wang, Xueping Sun
Free radicals, characterized by their unpaired electrons and high chemical reactivity, have long been simplistically portrayed in public discourse as solely responsible for aging and disease, while their vital roles in biological processes, industrial synthesis, and ecological regulation remain underappreciated. This educational article employs a “chemical courtroom” narrative framework to present a balanced perspective on free radicals. We first elucidate their formation mechanisms, classification, and intrinsic reactivity-lifetime relationships that explain their inherent instability. The discussion then examines their detrimental effects, including DNA oxidative damage, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and material corrosion. Countering this perspective, we highlight their indispensable functions in immune response (oxidative burst), nitric oxide signaling, polymer synthesis, advanced water treatment processes, and atmospheric ozone chemistry. The article further delineates the comprehensive antioxidant defense system comprising endogenous enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and exogenous compounds (vitamins, polyphenols, nanozymes), illustrating the delicate biological equilibrium maintained with free radicals. Grounded in the principle of “the dose makes the poison”, we emphasize the distinction between beneficial utilization and harmful excess. By combining engaging storytelling with scientific accuracy, this work seeks to rectify the one-dimensional negative perception of free radicals, promote context-dependent evaluation of reactive species, and provide a valuable resource for science communication and chemistry education.
2026, 41 (8): 194-202. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507008

Chemical code of bronze patina
Jiale Bai, Hongsheng Tang, Yaqian Zhou, Tianlong Zhang, Yan Li, Hua Li
In the long course of Chinese history, bronze artifacts were once shining treasures cast by artisans from copper and tin, bearing witness to the rise and fall of dynasties. With the passage of time, these ancient artifacts have quietly developed layers of corrosion that vary in color and form, resembling a mottled tapestry woven by the magic of time. These transformations are closely linked to chemistry. By uncovering the reaction mechanisms behind bronze corrosion, not only is a scientific basis provided for artifact authentication, but also targeted strategies for the conservation of cultural relics are proposed. This article, from a chemical perspective, leads everyone to explore the wonderful process of the birth of these colorful rust stains, reveals the chemical reaction codes behind different rust colors, and lays the foundation for the scientific identification and longterm conservation of precious bronze artifacts.
2026, 41 (8): 203-209. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508003

Coupling thermo-responsive supramolecular dipeptides self-assembly with pH indicators for visualizable dynamic hydrogel
Ziwen Lei, Mingyin Liu, Jiayi Shi, Yahan Shan, Qi Zhang
Taking advantage of color-switchable property of acid/base indicators, this experiment explored the pH-responsive ability of a hydrogel formed by a dipeptide molecule (Fmoc-FF) by introducing the phenol red and bromocresol chloride. Meanwhile, a series of interactive chemical experiments were designed based on the thermoresponsive property of the hydrogel. These easy-to-make experiments facilitate the learning and understanding of undergraduate students on acid/base indicators and thermos-responsive hydrogels. In addition, the students can clearly observe the reversible transition processes from gel state to solution state and multiple color changes of hydrogels, which could help students to carry out a series of diverse artistic creations.
2026, 41 (8): 210-219. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508014

Tracing flavors: an exploration of flavor compounds in selected foods
Shiyu Wang, Tianyang Yu, Hao Wei
Sweet, sour, bitter, and spicy tastes are integral to our daily culinary experiences. This article adopts a personified narrative style to examine the organic flavor compounds present in various representative foods. It discusses their physicochemical properties and applications in fields such as food science and medicine. The primary objective is to enhance readers' understanding of the chemical basis of food flavors and to foster an appreciation for chemistry by presenting relevant, everyday scientific concepts.
2026, 41 (8): 220-226. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202506109

A visit to the future museum of smart hydrogels
Junhan Zhang, Yunbo Lei, Xiaoyu He, Lingxiang Gao
Smart hydrogels represent a class of polymer materials with significant application potential. This article employs a personification approach, presenting the material through an imaginative tour of the “Future Museum of Smart Hydrogels”. It introduces the fundamental concepts, classifications, and characteristics of smart hydrogels, along with their applications in biomedical fields, environmental remediation, soft actuation, and food safety. By adopting this engaging narrative style, the article aims to enhance readers' understanding of smart hydrogel materials while fostering scientific literacy.
2026, 41 (8): 227-234. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507007

The world through the eyes of a little electron
Sha Wu, Yueyi Peng, Manbo Zhang
Chemistry is fundamentally a science that studies and utilizes extranuclear electrons. Consequently, the core concepts of electrochemistry—including redox reactions, energy conversion, and electron transfer—permeate chemistry education. These concepts not only form essential components of fundamental theory but also serve as a crucial link between science, technology, and society. This article employs anthropomorphism to present electrochemical principles through the perspective of “Little Electron”, introducing fundamental concepts such as galvanic cells and electrode potential. Furthermore, it illustrates practical applications of electrochemical principles in glucometer and metal corrosion protection, aiming to enhance readers' understanding and mastery of both theoretical foundations and practical applications in electrochemistry.
2026, 41 (8): 235-242. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507001

The pimple princess’s comeback
Xuemeng Li, Ziyi Xue, Minru Liu, Qin Yang, Gang Xie
This article presents a case study of middle school student Xiaohua Zhuang, who experienced sudden acne breakout prior to a speech competition. Through chemical experimentation and analysis, Xiaohua learned about proper skincare practices, including maintaining skin pH balance, the significance of gentle cleansing, and correct sun protection. Presented in narrative form, this work elucidates the chemical mechanisms of cleansing and sunscreen products while addressing common skincare misconceptions. The study provides adolescents with scientifically grounded yet engaging skincare guidance, demonstrating the practical applications of chemical knowledge in daily life.
2026, 41 (8): 243-249. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507009

Chromatic convergence: a textile experiment bridging natural and synthetic dyes
Pingping Liu, Dandan Tang, Zhifeng Li, Xiaowen Han, Guoling Zhang, Pu Chen, Hai-Tao Feng
While dyes permeate daily life, public understanding of their application chemistry remains limited. This experimental study employs natural dyes (turmeric and gallnut powders) alongside synthetic counterparts (Direct Blue 71 and Reactive Red 2) to demonstrate three distinct dyeing mechanisms: direct application, mordant-assisted, and reactive dyeing processes. The investigation systematically examines colorimetric variations in dyed textiles under controlled pH conditions, with particular emphasis on dye stability assessment. Designed as an accessible public outreach initiative, this experiment progresses from fundamental concepts to advanced applications, effectively bridging chemical principles with practical textile technology while promoting scientific literacy through reproducible, user-friendly protocols.
2026, 41 (8): 250-259. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507099

The molecular stage: the luminescent revolution of cyanine dyes
He Song, Zheng Yin, Bin Zhang, Ming-Hua Zeng
Cyanine dyes represent a class of functional organic molecules gifted to us by the chemical world. Their unique structure, featuring nitrogen-containing heterocycles and tunable polymethine chains, confers remarkable optical properties, making them indispensable as sensitizers for solar energy conversion, core photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, and bright fluorescent probes for bioimaging. This article presents a comprehensive yet engaging overview of the cyanine family's structure, properties, and diverse applications, aiming to provide readers with a holistic understanding of this fascinating molecular family.
2026, 41 (8): 260-267. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507028

The chemical cipher in osmanthus fragrance poetry: an elegant interplay between essential oils and aromatic compounds
Haoxue Wang, Yuhan Yang, Tingting Zheng, Zimeng Li, Huaiwei Ding, Long Wang
This popular science experiment introduces an efficient, eco-friendly method for extracting osmanthus essential oil. Microwave irradiation facilitates rapid cellular rupture in osmanthus flowers for swift essential oil release, while the reduced-pressure system maintains lower extraction temperatures to preserve heat-sensitive aromatic compounds. Beyond demonstrating principles of phytochemistry and fragrance technology, this experiment bridges scientific concepts with everyday applications, combining educational value with practical appeal. It stimulates public interest in chemical exploration, enhances scientific literacy, and showcases the harmonious integration of science and artistic appreciation.
2026, 41 (8): 268-275. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507088

Rotating microfluidics to visualize DNA
Aijia Tang, Xinze Li, Yaning Shi, Xueen Fang
This study presents a user-friendly and visually intuitive DNA analysis experiment utilizing rotary microfluidic chip technology, designed to achieve “visible, accurate, and rapid” DNA detection. Using transgenic soybean identification as a model system, we extracted DNA from non-transgenic and two transgenic soybean varieties (BPS-CV127-9 and MON87701), followed by preliminary characterization via UV spectrophotometry and fluorescence analysis. The multicolor fluorescence-based DNA detection method features straightforward procedures and high engagement value, making it suitable for K-12 students and even preschool participants. By employing manual centrifugation and heating plates instead of conventional instruments to drive microfluidic chip reactions, we enabled result visualization through precipitation, pH indicators, and fluorescent markers. This approach is particularly suitable for high school and undergraduate laboratory activities. Furthermore, this experiment serves as an effective platform to debunk pseudoscientific claims about genetically modified crop identification while promoting evidence-based scientific literacy and national regulatory policies. Through tiered outreach activities, we aim to demonstrate chemistry's societal relevance and intrinsic beauty to diverse audiences.
2026, 41 (8): 276-285. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507111

The life programming of DNA molecules: from replication codes to in vitro applications
Xingyu Liu, Tong Li, Fangfang Chen, Fen Ma
DNA plays an indispensable role in biological life processes. This article elucidates the DNA replication process and its programming mechanisms within organisms from the perspective of deoxynucleotides. It further examines DNA's critical functions in protein synthesis and life maintenance, while highlighting the significance of DNA programming both in vivo and in vitro, along with its applications in medical science, research, and practical implementations.
2026, 41 (8): 286-291. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507114

Fentanyl’s fantastical journey
Wencong Wang, Gaoyan Chen, Chaoyue Wang, Junke Wang, Yingxiao Zong
This article personifies Fentanyl as the protagonist in a fantastical narrative set in the “Kingdom of Pain Relief”. Endowed with the innate ability to alleviate cancer and postoperative pain, Fentanyl dedicates itself to mastering its powers to relieve human suffering. However, its potent effects attract misuse by malicious actors, leading to severe adverse consequences. Rescued by a wise elder, Fentanyl is reborn and contributes to developing the “Bliss Herb” formulations—both oral and transdermal. Since then, it has cautiously wielded its powers to safeguard humanity, evolving into a true guardian in the realm of pain management.
2026, 41 (8): 292-295. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508005

Carbohydrates take the stage, who dares to compete?
Zidong Zhou, Xiang Fang, Zhaoxia Wang
This study examines representative compounds from monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, using a competitive entertainment format to elucidate carbohydrate chemistry. The work systematically analyzes the formation mechanisms of both intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds along with their key influencing factors, while providing scientific explanations for caramelization and Maillard reactions. Adopting a “synthesis-assembly” dual perspective, the paper presents recent research advances in carbohydrate chemistry. It simultaneously offers accessible scientific knowledge about glycoconjugate preparation (including glycosides and glycolipids) and introduces fundamental concepts of supramolecular chemistry. This integrated approach reinforces core organic chemistry principles while promoting a comprehensive understanding of carbohydrate compounds.
2026, 41 (8): 296-301. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508028

“Observing colors through tea”: the chemical equilibrium behind tea dyeing
Xingrong Zhu, Jinghong Hu, Qiushi Feng, Yiming Liu, Chi Zhang
Tea dyeing, a representative plant-based dyeing technique in Jingchu's intangible cultural heritage, derives its color variations from the redox reactions of tea polyphenols and coordination-dissociation equilibrium systems. This popular science project employs gradient experiments investigating temperature, pH, and metal ion effects, integrating microfluidic devices with smartphone sensors to achieve digital color analysis and multivariate dynamic visualization. We designed a three-stage science popularization framework encompassing “cultural awareness → craft experience → scientific exploration”, complemented by short video dissemination, to reveal the scientific principles underlying this traditional craft.
2026, 41 (8): 302-312. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507113

The universe in a wine glass: the physical chemistry behind the glass
Yangyang Cheng, Haiying Jiang
A wine glass harbors exquisite principles of physical chemistry, which collectively shape its sensory world. Winemaking is essentially the art of reaction kinetics, where the birth and evolution of flavors unfold under the catalysis of time. The turbidity of the wine arises from the scattering of light by colloidal particles, influencing both its hazy appearance and perceived texture. Those slowly trailing “tears” or “legs” on the glass are strokes meticulously drawn by surface tension along the inner wall. Ultimately, the delicate balance of sweetness and astringency, along with the layered richness that lingers on the palate, is quietly orchestrated by the chemical potentials among various flavor compounds. Together, these principles craft the complete visual, olfactory, and gustatory experience of a glass of wine.
2026, 41 (8): 313-320. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202602010

Chemistry Laboratory

Innovative experiment on electrocatalytic hydrogen production coupled with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid
Hua Zhou, Yuqing Li, Rui Zhang, Jialong Qian, Zhenhua Li, Mingfei Shao
Electrochemistry serves as a crucial discipline in both fundamental and applied sciences. However, most university chemistry laboratory curricula lack corresponding experimental modules in this field. To address this gap, we designed an eight-hour electrochemical experiment. By replacing the conventional oxygen evolution reaction with the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, we successfully produced high-value-added 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid while simultaneously reducing the energy consumption of hydrogen production. This experiment enables students to deepen their understanding of electrochemical principles, gain insights into cutting-edge research developments in chemistry, and cultivate their interest in scientific inquiry.
2026, 41 (8): 321-330. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507123

Innovation experiment: modulation of AIEgen aggregation states for pattern recognition of glycosaminoglycans
Yubin Ding, Yanlin Fu, Ruiyue Hu, Huali Wan, Jiaxin Yu, Lei Wu
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules have found extensive applications in biomedical research and related fields. This study develops a fluorescent sensor array by precisely controlling the aggregation states of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,2,2-triphenylethene on polyethyleneimine for pattern recognition of complex glycosaminoglycans. The experiment serves as an educational platform for students to explore cutting-edge interdisciplinary research spanning supramolecular chemistry, photochemistry, analytical chemistry, and pharmaceutical sciences. Participants will gain hands-on experience with fluorescence spectrophotometry and microplate reader operation, while mastering innovative approaches from fundamental AIE principles to practical detection applications.
2026, 41 (8): 331-338. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507084

Sulfur-vacancy-modified ZnIn₂S₄/TpPa-1 S-scheme heterojunction for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen production: an innovative chemical experiment recommendation
Liyuan Huang, Shaodan Wang, Lili Wen, Hong Yuan
This study introduces an innovative chemical experiment focusing on sulfur-vacancy-modified ZnIn₂S₄/TpPa-1 S-scheme heterojunction for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen production. In the experiment, Sv-ZnIn₂S₄/TpPa-1 composite is synthesized via microwave-hydrothermal method, followed by centrifugation for product separation and purification. Hydrogen yield is quantitatively analyzed using online gas chromatography to determine the hydrogen production rate, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is applied to elucidate the photogenerated charge transfer mechanism in the S-scheme heterojunction. This comprehensive experiment integrates fundamental knowledge and practical skills from inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, and analytical chemistry, along with training in advanced instrumentation. It also addresses the research hotspot of photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production. Through this experiment, students can reinforce their theoretical knowledge and experimental skills, while fostering scientific research enthusiasm. The design facilitates the development of scientific thinking methods and research capabilities, achieving the objectives of innovative experimental pedagogy. Furthermore, the teaching approach incorporates integrating scientific research into education, curriculum-based ideological and political elements, and value-oriented development, systematically cultivates interdisciplinary talents for national modernization. This approach also guides students in establishing core values including technological patriotism, green development, and collaborative innovation.
2026, 41 (8): 339-349. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508010

Virtual simulation experiment for the synthesis and properties of near-infrared organic nanoparticles
Xinyu Xu, Changjin Ou, Chunxia Kong, Weiliang Tian, Huaming Wang, Haijiao Wang, Tao Tao
Near-infrared (NIR) organic nanoparticles, as representative nanobiomaterials, have attracted extensive research attention in tumor phototherapy owing to their precise targeting capability, well-defined therapeutic efficacy, and superior imaging resolution. However, this interdisciplinary research involves high-risk procedures, substantial costs, and considerable experimental complexity, rendering its direct implementation in undergraduate education impractical. Utilizing U3D virtual reality technology, we have converted this research into a virtual simulation experiment featuring a 20-step interactive procedure combined with guided inquiry-based learning centered on key scientific questions. This pedagogical approach stimulates students' critical thinking, fosters scientific research competencies, enhances their ability to solve complex engineering problems, and demonstrates excellent visual teaching outcomes.
2026, 41 (8): 350-362. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507032

Construction and application of CO₂-stimuli-responsive microemulsion: design and practice of a comprehensive chemical experiment
Yongmin Zhang, Shuang Guo, Yue Zhou
The effective integration of academic frontiers with undergraduate laboratory instruction serves as a crucial approach to fostering students' professional interest and innovative thinking. This study presents a comprehensive experiment involving the construction and application of CO₂-responsive microemulsions. The experimental design encompasses multiple core concepts and technical competencies across physical chemistry (phase diagrams, colloids), analytical chemistry (titration, UV-Vis spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and organic chemistry (Knoevenagel condensation). The experiment demonstrates both fundamental principles and advanced characteristics, incorporating elements of innovation, higher-order cognitive skills, and appropriate challenge levels.
2026, 41 (8): 363-369. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507069

Merging Wittig reaction with visible-light photoredox catalysis for olefin construction
Ruikang Su, Muyan Bai, Zhiqing Liu, Fang Fang, Yuena Yu
This experimental protocol combines the classical Wittig reaction with state-of-the-art visible-light photoredox catalysis. Using tert-butoxycarbonyl proline, benzaldehyde, and vinyltriphenylphosphonium bromide as substrates with 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as the photosensitizer, the method achieves selective synthesis of E- and Z-alkene stereoisomers via a visible-light-induced radical-polar crossover mechanism. The experimental workflow encompasses visible-light-mediated synthesis, Schlenk techniques, NMR spectroscopic analysis, thin-layer chromatography, automated flash column chromatography purification, and mechanistic studies. Rooted in fundamental theoretical principles, this work translates cutting-edge techniques, methodologies, and green chemistry concepts into practical teaching applications, aiming to enhance students' integrated scientific research capabilities.
2026, 41 (8): 370-379. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507075

Photocatalytic oxidation of alkenes to benzophenones: a green synthesis comprehensive experiment
Fangfang Tan, Lele Zhang, Penghua Jing, Pengju Zhao, Yang Li
This study presents a green photocatalytic integrated experiment designed for undergraduate chemistry education. Employing atmospheric oxygen as the oxidant, an organic acridinium salt as the photocatalyst, and ethyl acetate as the solvent, the aerobic oxidative cleavage of 1,1-diphenylethylene to benzophenone was accomplished at room temperature within one hour, yielding 90% isolated product. The reaction process was monitored by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), with the carbonyl product (benzophenone) confirmed by a chromogenic reaction using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) solution. The product structure was fully characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thereby constructing an integrated “synthesis-monitoring-characterization” teaching module. The investigation of photosensitizer and solvent effects facilitates student understanding of photoinduced electron transfer mechanisms. This experiment successfully incorporates advanced green catalytic technology into undergraduate laboratory education, effectively enhancing students' research skills and promoting sustainable chemistry principles.
2026, 41 (8): 380-388. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507049

Coordination titration for copper ion determination using a novel fluorescent turn-on indicator: design and implementation of an analytical chemistry experiment
Xiuhong Liu, Cunxu Yan, Yue Zhang, Xuesong Gao, Haifeng He
Guided by the student-centered teaching philosophy, it combines theoretical knowledge with practical application, experimental design with verification procedures, enabling students to employ a novel fluorescent compound as an indicator in coordination titration for copper content determination. The experiment enhances students' comprehension of coordination titration principles while fostering their investigative skills and innovative thinking. Distinct from conventional colorimetric indicators, the fluorescent indicator used in this study demonstrates a unique “off-on” fluorescence transition at the endpoint, the high sensitivity response of this new fluorescent indicator to Cu²⁺ can achieve quantitative analysis of Cu²⁺ concentration as low as 1 × 10^-5 mol·L^-1, and eliminating the need for expensive fluorescence spectrophotometers. The titration procedure is straightforward, environmentally benign, and safe, with high analytical accuracy. Students demonstrated strong engagement and achieved considerable satisfaction through this experimental learning experience.
2026, 41 (8): 389-401. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507135

Between Teacher and Student

Application of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of organic structures
Hong Yan, Yuanming Li, Ke-Yin Ye, Chunfa Xu, Jinshui Zhang, Yu-Wu Zhong, Yaofeng Yuan
Given the limited coverage of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in standard textbooks, many students demonstrate insufficient knowledge in HRMS data analysis, resulting in recurrent errors in graduation theses and academic publications concerning this technique. This article examines common challenges in high-resolution mass spectrometry and presents essential principles for HRMS data interpretation. The authors illustrate the utility of HRMS in structural characterization through representative examples including neutral organic small molecules, organic ions, organometallic compounds, functional organic molecules, isotope-labeled compounds, and stable radical species.
2026, 41 (8): 402-410. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202506107

Theoretical expansion and case study updates in basic organic chemistry laboratory instruction
Zhiqiang Ma, Chaorong Qi, Jianxiao Li
As a compulsory laboratory course, basic organic chemistry experiments play a pivotal role in enhancing students' research competencies and nurturing innovative thinking. This paper explores teaching innovations in the basic organic chemistry experiment curriculum by incorporating modern synthetic methodologies and their practical applications into four fundamental experimental modules: alcohol halogenation, alcohol oxidation, esterification, and amidation reactions. The integration of cutting-edge content facilitates students' comprehension of diverse reaction types, stimulates scientific curiosity, and cultivates innovative capabilities, thereby establishing an effective pathway for cultivating top-tier application-oriented professionals.
2026, 41 (8): 411-419. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508001

Self Studies

Hartree method for calculating the ground-state wave function of Helium atom
Chunpeng Wang, Tianying Yan
Determining the wave function of multi-electron systems constitutes a fundamental aspect of quantum chemistry education. This study employs the Hartree method to calculate the ground-state electron orbitals and corresponding wave function of a helium atom as a representative example. Initially, we introduce the Hartree Product approximation for the multi-electron wave function based on the Schrödinger equation, subsequently deriving the Hartree equations for electron orbitals. The 3-21G basis set is then implemented, with basis set coefficients optimized through the linear variation method combined with self-consistent field calculations to obtain the electron orbitals. Corresponding computational programs are developed based on these derivations to enable students to compare theoretical formulations with practical implementations. This work aims to enhance students' comprehension of multi-electron wave function derivation, mean-field approximation within the Hartree framework, and self-consistent solution methodologies.
2026, 41 (8): 420-433. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507063

Development and application of a traceable modular organic chemistry experimental teaching system based on LabVIEW
Shumin Feng, Huiwen Yao, Li Cao, Xuan Cheng
To address the challenges in university organic chemistry laboratory instruction, including limited practical opportunities for students and ineffective pre-lab preparation and feedback mechanisms, this study developed a LabVIEW-based teaching software using the “Synthesis of Ethyl Acetate” as a prototype. The software incorporates multiple functional modules, including instructional videos, theoretical pre-tests, virtual apparatus simulation, result analysis, and reinforcement exercises. By implementing real-time feedback and an automated scoring system, it establishes a blended online-offline teaching model. Practical application demonstrates that the software effectively integrates pre-laboratory, laboratory, and post-laboratory learning phases, significantly enhancing students' operational proficiency and learning motivation. Characterized by low cost, strong subject specificity, and user-friendly operation, this software provides an innovative approach for reforming organic chemistry experimental pedagogy.
2026, 41 (8): 434-442. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507071

Comprehensive calculation of the First Law and Second Law of thermodynamics
Xiangzhen Meng, Chuan Li, Dong Cheng, Changwu Cai, Xinyun Wang
In teaching, it is found that the comprehensive calculation of the first law and the second law of thermodynamics causes difficulties for students. The problem can be solved from the two aspects of process type and process reversibility in this article. According to the difference of initial and final states, it is judged whether it is a simple change process, a phase change process or a chemical change process. Based on isothermal process, isobaric process, isochoric process, adiabatic process, etc., the calculation formulas of W, Q, △U, △H, △S, △A, △G are derived. For the same initial and final states, the W and Q of reversible and irreversible processes are different, while △U, △H, △S, △A, △G are the same. The problem-solving ideas and methods introduced in this article are expected to be helpful to students.
2026, 41 (8): 443-452. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202508019

Chemical Olympiad Competition

Chemistry bonds and mechanical forces: solution and analysis of problem 3 of the 38th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (preliminary)
Haitao Wang, Chenghuan Zhang
In the 38th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad (preliminary), a problem titled “Chemical Bonds and Mechanical Forces” sparked extensive discussion among high school students and teachers nationwide. This problem features an innovative design that embodies interdisciplinary thinking. This article provides a detailed analysis of the problem. It deduces the solution through rigorous logical reasoning and knowledge within the scope of high school chemistry competitions, and expands on some related concepts.
2026, 41 (8): 453-458. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202507094

CO₂ Reduction in the context of carbon neutrality: analysis of the problem 6 of the 57th International Chemistry Olympiad
Wenjiao Xiao, Yangyang Cheng, Haiying Jiang
Problem 6 of the 57th International Chemistry Olympiad addresses the resource utilization of carbon dioxide, establishing a comprehensive assessment framework that spans from thermodynamic fundamentals to cutting-edge energy chemistry. By incorporating two distinct technical approaches—thermochemical cycles and photocatalytic reduction—the problem systematically evaluates students' integrative understanding of chemical equilibrium, reaction kinetics, and semiconductor band theory. This paper presents a detailed solution to the problem while expanding upon relevant theoretical concepts to enhance readers' comprehension of competition-level chemistry questions.
2026, 41 (8): 459-468. DOI: 10.12461/PKU.DXHX202511209